`ya` between the root and the ending makes a verb passive, `vuccati` ("is said"), with the doer in ③ {440}–{443}; `e`, `aya`, `āpe` and `āpaya` make it causative, `kāreti` ("makes someone do") {438}, {483}, {523}. What each looks like, and how to tell a causative from a verb of the `cura` class.
