Tagged: ākhyāta
11 pages
Pages with this tag
1: Overview: Pali Essentials
1A concise overview of the Pāḷi language covering key features
8: Grammar: Verbs (`ākhyāta`)
2How to read a verb form: the voice, the time, the person and the number its ending shows, the piece that sits between the root and the ending, and the verb-like forms, participles, absolutives and infinitives, that carry most of a Pāḷi sentence
8.1: Reading a verb
3A verb form is a root, the piece its class adds and an ending, and the ending says when, who and how many: the eight sets of endings and their times {414}–{422}, the twelve endings of each set {423}–{430}, the three persons {408}–{412} and the symbols the book uses for them, as the master table the rest of the chapter refers to.
8.2: The present
4The present (`vattamānā`): the endings `-ti`, `-nti`, `-si`, `-tha`, `-mi`, `-ma` that show the person and the number {414}, {423}, and the piece each of Kaccāyana's eight root classes puts between the root and the ending {445}–{452}, so that a form such as `pajānāti` can be stripped to its root.
8.3: Commands and wishes
5The two sets of verb endings that state no time: the `pañcamī`, for a command or a wish or blessing (`hotu`, "may it be"), and the `sattamī`, for what may, should or would happen (`kareyya`, "he would do"); how to recognise each and tell both from the present {415}–{416}, {424}–{425}.
8.4: The past
6Nearly every verb of chapters 3 and 5 is in the past: `nisīdi` ("sat down"), `udapādi` ("arose"), `āmantesi` ("addressed"), `avoca` ("said"), `ahosi` ("was"). The endings of the `ajjatanī` {419}, {428}, the `a` put before the root {519}, the shapes to know by sight, and the rarer `hiyyattanī` {418}, {427} and `parokkhā` {417}, {426}.
8.5: The future and the conditional
7A verb with `ssa` before its ending says what will happen: the `bhavissantī` endings `-ssati`, `-ssanti`, `-ssāmi` … {421}, {429}, with an `i` before the `ssa` {516}. The same `ssa` with `-ā` or `-aṁsu` after it and an `a-` before the root is the `kālātipatti`, what would have happened but did not {422}, {430}.
8.6: Passive and causative
8`ya` between the root and the ending makes a verb passive, `vuccati` ("is said"), with the doer in ③ {440}–{443}; `e`, `aya`, `āpe` and `āpaya` make it causative, `kāreti` ("makes someone do") {438}, {483}, {523}. What each looks like, and how to tell a causative from a verb of the `cura` class.
8.7: The verbs on every page
9The eleven verbs a reader meets on every page, `atthi` and `hoti` (to be), `karoti`, `gacchati`, `dadāti`, `jānāti`, `vadati`, `passati`, `suṇāti`, `tiṭṭhati` and `nisīdati`, with the present, past, absolutive and past participle of each, the irregular shapes flagged, and the rule that makes each shape.
8.8: The verb-like forms
10The words that do a verb's work without a verb's ending: the past and present participles {555}–{557}, {565}, the "to be done" forms {540}–{541}, the absolutive {564}, {597}, the infinitive {561}–{563}, and the "when X had happened" construction {313}, {305}.
I: `ākhyāta` (verb endings)
11`ākhyāta` ending rules