L: `sabbanāma` (Pronouns)
List of sabbanāma and their vibhatti endings
Kinds of sabbanāma
Section titled “Kinds of sabbanāma”- Personal pronoun (puggalanāmaṁ).
- Demonstrative pronoun (nidassananāmaṁ).
- Relative pronoun (anvayīnāmaṁ).
- Interrogative pronoun (pucchānāmaṁ).
- Indefinite pronoun (anīyamanāmaṁ).
- Possessive pronoun
List of sabbanāma
Section titled “List of sabbanāma”| no | sabbanāma |
meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | sabba |
“all” |
| 2 | katara |
“which [of two]?” |
| 3 | katama |
“which [of many]?” |
| 4 | ubhaya |
“both” |
| 5 | itara |
“other [of two]” |
| 6 | añña |
“other [of many]” |
| 7 | aññatara |
“a certain [one of two]” |
| 8 | aññatama |
“a certain [one of many]” |
| 9 | pubba |
“former” |
| 10 | para |
“another” |
| 11 | apara |
“another” |
| 12 | dakkhiṇa |
“right,” “south” |
| 13 | uttara |
“upper,” “north,” “more than” |
| 14 | adhara |
“lower” |
| 15 | ya |
“who,” “what” |
| 16 | ta |
“he,” “that” |
| 17 | eta |
“this” |
| 18 | ima |
“this” |
| 19 | amu |
“that” |
| 20 | kiṁ |
“what?”, “why?” |
| 21 | eka |
“one” |
| 22 | ubha |
“both” |
| 23 | dvi |
“two” |
| 24 | ti |
“three” |
| 25 | catu |
“four” |
| 26 | tumha |
“you” |
| 27 | amha |
“I,” “we” |
amha (I, we)
Section titled “amha (I, we)”This is used as the pronoun for uttama purisa (in English, “1st” person).
vibhatti |
⨀ | ⨂ |
|---|---|---|
| ① | ahaṁ (amhi, asmi, mhi) | amhā, amhe, mayaṁ, vayaṁ |
| ② | maṁ, mamaṁ, mām- | amhākaṁ, amhe, asmākaṁ, asme, no |
| ③ | mayā, me | amhebhi, amhehi, asmāhi, asmābhi, no |
| ⑤ | mamato, mayā, me | amhebhi, amhehi, asmāhi, asmābhi, no |
| ④⑥ | amhaṁ, mama(ṁ), mamā, maṁ, mayha(ṁ), me | amhaṁ, amhāka(ṁ), asmākaṁ, no (ne) |
| ⑦ | mayi, me | amhesu, asmāsu, asmesu |
tumha (you)
Section titled “tumha (you)”This is used as the pronoun for majjhima purisa (in English, “2nd” person).
vibhatti |
⨀ | ⨂ |
|---|---|---|
| ① | taṁ, tuvaṁ, tvaṁ | tumhe |
| ② | taṁ, tavaṁ, tuvaṁ, tvaṁ, tyaṁ | tumhākaṁ, tumhe, vaṁ, ve, vo |
| ③ | tayā, te, tvāya | tumhebhi, tumhehi, vaṁ, ve, vo |
| ⑤ | tayā, te, tvāya | tumhebhi, tumhehi |
| ④⑥ | tava(ṁ), te, tumhaṁ, tuyha(ṁ) | tumhaṁ, tumhāka(ṁ), tuyhaṁ (possibly), vaṁ, ve, vo |
| ⑦ | tayi, tvayi | tumhesu |
ta (he, she, it; that)
Section titled “ta (he, she, it; that)”This is used as the pronoun for paṭhama purisa (in English, “3rd” person).
⨀ ekavacana
Section titled “⨀ ekavacana”vibhatti |
🚹 | 🚻 | 🚺 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① | sa, se, so, sū | tad-, tadaṁ, taṁ (naṁ), se | sā |
| ② | taṁ (naṁ), te | tad-, taṁ (naṁ), se | taṁ |
| ③ | tena (nena) | tena (nena) | tāya (nāya) |
| ⑤ | asmā, tamhā, tasmā (nasmā), tato, tāto | asmā, tamhā, tasmā (nasmā), tato, tāto | tāya (nāya) |
| ④⑥ | assa, tassa (nassa) | assa, tassa (nassa) | assā, tassā (nassā), tassāya (nassāya), tāya, tissā, tissāya |
| ⑦ | asmiṁ, tamhi, tamhī, tasmiṁ (nasmiṁ) | asmiṁ, tamhi, tamhī, tasmiṁ (nasmiṁ) | assaṁ, tassaṁ (nassaṁ), tāya(ṁ) (nāyaṁ), tissaṁ |
⨂ bahuvacana
Section titled “⨂ bahuvacana”vibhatti |
🚹 | 🚻 | 🚺 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① | te (ne) | tāni | tā, tāyo |
| ② | te (ne) | tāni | tā (nā), tāyo |
| ③ | tebhi, tehi (nehi) | tebhi, tehi (nehi) | tābhi, tāhi (nāhi) |
| ⑤ | tebhi, tehi (nehi) | tebhi, tehi (nehi) | tābhi, tāhi (nāhi) |
| ④⑥ | tesaṁ (nesaṁ), tesānaṁ | tesaṁ (nesaṁ), tesānaṁ | tāsaṁ (nāsaṁ), tāsānaṁ, sānaṁ |
| ⑦ | tesu (nesu) | tesu (nesu) | tāsu (nāsu) |
Inflection tables of the sabbanāma
Section titled “Inflection tables of the sabbanāma”The tables follow Buddhappiya’s Padarūpasiddhi (rules 200–231), which runs each pronoun through its forms rule by rule; the rule numbers in the captions are the Padarūpasiddhi’s. The forms of tumha and amha are in the tables above. The derivations are at https://kaccayana.github.io/rupasiddhi/2-namakanda/4-sabbanama.
The forms of sabba (all), 🚹(sabba), derived in rules 200–207; each form links to the rule that derives it (sabbo to the section’s opening, where it is stated).
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | sabbo | sabbe |
| ⓪ | sabba, sabbā | sabbe |
| ② | sabbaṁ | sabbe |
| ③ | sabbena | sabbehi, sabbebhi |
| ④ | sabbassa | sabbesaṁ, sabbesānaṁ |
| ⑤ | sabbasmā, sabbamhā | sabbehi, sabbebhi |
| ⑥ | sabbassa | sabbesaṁ, sabbesānaṁ |
| ⑦ | sabbasmiṁ, sabbamhi | sabbesu |
The forms of sabbā, 🚺(sabbā), derived in rules 203–207:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | sabbā | sabbā, sabbāyo |
| ⓪ | sabbe | sabbā, sabbāyo |
| ② | sabbaṁ | sabbā, sabbāyo |
| ③ | sabbāya | sabbāhi, sabbābhi |
| ④ | sabbassā, sabbāya | sabbāsaṁ, sabbāsānaṁ |
| ⑤ | sabbāya | sabbāhi, sabbābhi |
| ⑥ | sabbassā, sabbāya | sabbāsaṁ, sabbāsānaṁ |
| ⑦ | sabbassaṁ, sabbāyaṁ | sabbāsu |
The forms of sabba, 🚻(sabba), stated in rule 207:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | sabbaṁ | sabbāni |
| ⓪ | sabba | sabbāni |
| ② | sabbaṁ | sabbāni |
The rest as the masculine. katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña, aññatara and aññatama run the same way in all three genders (rule 207).
The forms of pubba (former; east), 🚹(pubba), stated in rule 208, which rules 209 and 210 follow with its compounds; each form links to the rule that states it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | pubbo | pubbe, pubbā |
| ⓪ | pubba | pubbe, pubbā |
| ② | pubbaṁ | pubbe |
| ③ | pubbena | pubbehi, pubbebhi |
| ④ | pubbassa | pubbesaṁ, pubbesānaṁ |
| ⑤ | pubbā, pubbasmā, pubbamhā | pubbehi, pubbebhi |
| ⑥ | pubbassa | pubbesaṁ, pubbesānaṁ |
| ⑦ | pubbe, pubbasmiṁ, pubbamhi | pubbesu |
The forms of pubbā, 🚺(pubbā), stated in rule 208:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | pubbā | pubbā, pubbāyo |
The rest as sabbā.
The forms of pubba, 🚻(pubba), stated in rule 208:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | pubbaṁ | pubbāni |
| ⓪ | pubba | pubbāni |
| ② | pubbaṁ | pubbāni |
The rest as the masculine. para, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara and adhara go the same way (rule 208).
The forms of ta (that), 🚹(ta), derived in rules 211–214; there is no calling form ⓪ (rule 210); each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | so | ne, te |
| ② | naṁ, taṁ | ne, te |
| ③ | nena, tena | nehi, nebhi, tehi, tebhi |
| ④ | assa, nassa, tassa | nesaṁ, tesaṁ, nesānaṁ, tesānaṁ |
| ⑤ | asmā, nasmā, tasmā, namhā, tamhā | nehi, nebhi, tehi, tebhi |
| ⑥ | assa, nassa, tassa | nesaṁ, tesaṁ, nesānaṁ, tesānaṁ |
| ⑦ | asmiṁ, nasmiṁ, tasmiṁ, namhi, tamhi | nesu, tesu |
The forms of tā, 🚺(tā), derived in rules 214–216:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | sā | nā, tā, nāyo, tāyo |
| ② | naṁ, taṁ | nā, tā, nāyo, tāyo |
| ③ | nāya, tāya | nāhi, tāhi, nābhi, tābhi |
| ④ | tissāya, tassāya, assāya, nassāya, assā, nassā, tissā, tassā, nāya, tāya | nāsaṁ, tāsaṁ |
| ⑦ | assaṁ, nassaṁ, tissaṁ, tassaṁ, nāyaṁ, tāyaṁ | nāsu, tāsu |
The fifth ⑤ and sixth ⑥ forms are as the third ③ and fourth ④ (rule 216).
The forms of ta, 🚻(ta), stated in rule 216:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | naṁ, taṁ | nāni, tāni |
| ② | naṁ, taṁ | nāni, tāni |
The rest as the masculine.
The forms of eta (this), 🚹(eta), derived in rules 216–217; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | eso | ete |
| ② | etaṁ | ete |
The rest as sabba.
The forms of etā (this), 🚺(etā), derived in rules 216–217:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | esā | etā, etāyo |
| ② | etaṁ | etā, etāyo |
| ③ | etāya | etāhi, etābhi |
| ④ | etissāya, etissā, etāya | etāsaṁ, etāsānaṁ |
| ⑤ | etāya | etāhi, etābhi |
| ⑥ | etissāya, etissā, etāya | etāsaṁ, etāsānaṁ |
| ⑦ | etissaṁ, etāyaṁ | etāsu |
The forms of eta (this), 🚻(eta), stated in rule 217:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | etaṁ | etāni |
| ② | etaṁ | etāni |
The rest is to be understood (rule 217).
The forms of ima (this), 🚹(ima), derived in rules 218–222; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | ayaṁ | ime |
| ② | imaṁ | ime |
| ③ | anena, iminā | ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi |
| ④ | assa, imassa | esaṁ, esānaṁ, imesaṁ, imesānaṁ |
| ⑤ | asmā, imasmā, imamhā | ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi |
| ⑥ | assa, imassa | esaṁ, esānaṁ, imesaṁ, imesānaṁ |
| ⑦ | asmiṁ, imasmiṁ, imamhi | esu, imesu |
The forms of imā (this), 🚺(imā), stated in rule 221:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | ayaṁ | imā, imāyo |
| ② | imaṁ | imā, imāyo |
| ③ | imāya | imāhi, imābhi |
| ④ | assāya, imissāya, assā, imissā, imāya | imāsaṁ, imāsānaṁ |
| ⑦ | assaṁ, imissaṁ, imāyaṁ | imāsu |
The rest is to be understood (rule 221).
The forms of ima (this), 🚻(ima), stated in rule 222:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | idaṁ, imaṁ | imāni |
| ② | idaṁ, imaṁ | imāni |
| ③ | anena, iminā | ehi, ebhi, imehi, imebhi |
The rest as the masculine.
The forms of amu (that yonder), 🚹(amu), derived in rules 223–225; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | asu, asuko, amuko | amū |
| ② | amuṁ | amū |
| ③ | amunā | amūhi, amūbhi, amuhi, amubhi |
| ④ | amussa, adussa | amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ, amusaṁ, amusānaṁ |
| ⑤ | amusmā, amumhā | amūhi, amūbhi, amuhi, amubhi |
| ⑥ | amussa, adussa | amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ, amusaṁ, amusānaṁ |
| ⑦ | amusmiṁ, amumhi | amūsu, amusu |
The forms of amu (that yonder), 🚺(amu), stated in rule 224:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | asu, asukā, amukā | amū, amuyo |
| ② | amuṁ | amū, amuyo |
| ③ | amuyā | amūhi, amūbhi |
| ④ | amussā, amuyā | amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ |
| ⑤ | amuyā | amūhi, amūbhi |
| ⑥ | amussā, amuyā | amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ |
| ⑦ | amussaṁ, amuyaṁ, amuyā | amūsu |
The forms of amu (that yonder), 🚻(amu), stated in rules 224–225:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | aduṁ, asukaṁ, amukaṁ | amū, amūni |
| ② | aduṁ | amū, amūni |
| ③ | amunā |
The rest as the masculine.
The forms of kiṁ (who, what), 🚹(kiṁ), derived in rule 226; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | ko | ke |
| ② | kaṁ | ke |
| ③ | kena | kehi, kebhi |
| ④ | kassa, kissa | kesaṁ, kesānaṁ |
| ⑤ | kasmā, kamhā | kehi, kebhi |
| ⑥ | kassa, kissa | kesaṁ, kesānaṁ |
| ⑦ | kasmiṁ, kismiṁ, kamhi, kimhi | kesu |
The forms of kā (who, what), 🚺(kā), stated in rule 226:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | kā | kā, kāyo |
| ② | kaṁ | kā, kāyo |
The rest as sabbā.
The forms of kiṁ (what), 🚻(kiṁ), stated in rule 226:
| ⨀ | ⨂ | |
|---|---|---|
| ① | kiṁ | kāni |
| ② | kiṁ | kāni |
The rest as the masculine.
The forms of ubha (both), ⚧(ubha), plural only, derived in rules 226–227; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨂ | |
|---|---|
| ① | ubho, ubhe |
| ② | ubho, ubhe |
| ③ | ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi |
| ④ | ubhinnaṁ |
| ⑤ | ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi |
| ⑥ | ubhinnaṁ |
| ⑦ | ubhosu, ubhesu |
The forms of dvi (two), ⚧(dvi), plural only, derived in rules 228–229; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| ⨂ | |
|---|---|
| ① | dve, duve |
| ② | dve, duve |
| ③ | dvīhi, dvībhi |
| ④ | dvinnaṁ, duvinnaṁ |
| ⑤ | dvīhi, dvībhi |
| ⑥ | dvinnaṁ, duvinnaṁ |
| ⑦ | dvīsu |
ti and catu
Section titled “ti and catu”The forms of ti (three) in the three genders, plural only, derived in rules 230–231; each form links to the rule that derives it.
| 🚹 | 🚺 | 🚻 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① | tayo | tisso | tīṇi |
| ② | tayo | tisso | tīṇi |
| ③ | tīhi, tībhi | tīhi, tībhi | |
| ④ | tiṇṇaṁ, tiṇṇannaṁ | tissannaṁ | |
| ⑤ | tīhi, tībhi | ||
| ⑥ | tiṇṇaṁ, tiṇṇannaṁ | ||
| ⑦ | tīsu |
In the feminine the rest is the same, and in the neuter the rest is as the masculine (rule 231).
The forms of catu (four) in the three genders, plural only, derived in rules 230–231:
| 🚹 | 🚺 | 🚻 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① | cattāro, caturo | catasso | cattāri |
| ② | cattāro, caturo | catasso | cattāri |
| ③ | catūhi, catūbhi, catubbhi | ||
| ④ | catunnaṁ | catassannaṁ | |
| ⑤ | catūhi, catūbhi, catubbhi | ||
| ⑥ | catunnaṁ | ||
| ⑦ | catūsu |
In the feminine the rest is the same, and in the neuter the rest is as the masculine (rule 231).
The sabbanāma rules in Kaccāyana
Section titled “The sabbanāma rules in Kaccāyana”Each row gives the sutta number {N}, the sutta’s own words, a one-line summary and the example words Kaccāyana cites; after “not” come the counter-examples, where the rule does not apply. The summaries use the book’s symbols: ①–⑦ for the inflection forms, ⨀ singular, ⨂ plural, 🚹🚺🚻 for the genders. The full rules are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/2-namakappa.
tumha, amha and the pronominal endings {161}–{183}
Section titled “tumha, amha and the pronominal endings {161}–{183}”| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {161} | Tumhamhehi namākaṁ |
ākaṁ for naṁ after tumha, amha |
yo amhākaṁ satthā, tumhākaṁ, amhākaṁ — not tumhehi, amhehi |
| {162} | Vā yvappaṭhamo |
Optionally ākaṁ for the yo that is not first |
tumhākaṁ passāmi, tumhe passāmi, amhākaṁ passasi, amhe passasi — not gacchatha tumhe, gacchāma mayaṁ |
| {163} | Sassaṁ |
aṁ for sa [after tumha, amha] |
tumhaṁ yevassa tena antarāyo, tumhaṁ dīyate, tava dīyate, tumhaṁ pariggaho — not tumhesu, amhesu |
| {164} | Sabbanāmakārate paṭhamo |
e for the first yo after a pronoun in a |
sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā, sabbe, ye, te — not amū purisā tiṭṭhanti, devā |
| {165} | Dvandaṭṭhā vā |
Optionally [e] after [a pronoun] standing in a dvanda |
katarakatame, katarakatamā — not devāsuranāgagandhabbamanussā, te |
| {166} | Nāññaṁ sabbanāmikaṁ |
No other pronominal operation [in a dvanda] |
pubbāparānaṁ, pubbuttarānaṁ, adharuttarānaṁ |
| {167} | Bahubbīhimhi ca |
And in a bahubbīhi |
piyapubbāya, piyapubbānaṁ, piyapubbe, piyapubbassa — not dakkhiṇapubbassaṁ, dakkhiṇapubbassā |
| {168} | Sabbato naṁ saṁ sānaṁ |
saṁ, sānaṁ for naṁ after any pronoun |
tesaṁ vūpasamo sukho, tāsaṁ itthīnaṁ, amūsaṁ bhedāya, sabbesaṁ — not sabbassa, yassa |
| {169} | Rājassa rāju sunaṁhisu ca |
rāju for rāja before su, naṁ, hi |
rājūnaṁ ādinnadaṇḍānaṁ ādinnasatthānaṁ, rājūhi vā corehi vā, rājūsu, rājūnaṁ — not rājā, rājesu |
| {170} | Sabbassimasse vā |
Optionally e for the whole of ima [before su, naṁ, hi] |
esu, imesu, esaṁ, imesaṁ — not etesu, etesaṁ |
| {171} | Animi nāmhi ca |
ana, imi for ima before nā |
anena dhammadānena, sukhitā hotu sā pajā, iminā buddhapūjena, patvāna amataṁ padaṁ, anena, iminā — not imesu, imesaṁ |
| {172} | Anapuṁsakassā yaṁ simhī |
ayaṁ for the non-neuter [ima] before si |
pariyuṭṭhito ayaṁ puriso, ayaṁ puriso, ayaṁ itthī — not pubbe kho me idaṁ cittaṁ parittaṁ ahosi, imaṁ purisaṁ passasi tvaṁ |
| {173} | Amussa mo saṁ |
s for the m of amu [before si] |
asu amutra upapanno, asu rājā, asu itthī, amuko rājā — not aduṁ pupphaṁ virocati, amuṁ purisaṁ passasi |
| {174} | Etatesaṁ to |
s for the t of eta, ta [before si] |
atha kho sā itthī sallakkhetvā, eso puriso, esā itthī, so puriso — not itaro puriso, itarā itthī |
| {175} | Tassa vā nattaṁ sabbattha |
Optionally n for the t of ta everywhere |
tato naṁ dukkhamanveti, detha nesaṁ cīvarānī, nāya, tāya |
| {176} | Sasmāsmiṁsaṁsāsvattaṁ |
a [for ta] before sa, smā, smiṁ, saṁ, sā |
na cassa hoti āpatti, assa, tassa, asmā — not amussaṁ, amussā |
| {177} | Imasaddassa ca |
And for the word ima |
asmiṁ loke paramhi ca, asmā lokā paramhā ca, assa, imassa — not etissaṁ, etissā |
| {178} | Sabbato ko |
Optionally ka after any pronoun [before si] |
asuko bhikkhu paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhī, sabbako, yako, sako — not sabbo, yo |
| {179} | Ghapato smiṁ sānaṁ saṁsā |
saṁ, sā for smiṁ, sa after gha, pa pronouns |
imissā makkaṭiyā, amussā itthiyā sāratto, sabbassaṁ, sabbassā — not itthiyaṁ, itthiyā |
| {180} | Netāhi smimāya yā |
No āya, yā for smiṁ after these |
imissaṁ parisāyaṁ, etissaṁ, etāyaṁ, imissaṁ — not tāya itthiyā mukhaṁ, kaññāya |
| {181} | Manogaṇādito smiṁnānamiā |
i, ā for smiṁ, nā after the mano-group |
sādhukaṁ manasi karotha, manasā ce paduṭṭhena, paṭhamena vayasā, uttamaṅge sirasmiṁ — not mano, siro |
| {182} | Sassa co |
o for sa [after the mano-group] |
manaso piyā hadayagāminiyo, thāmaso parāmāso na hoti, manaso, thāmaso |
| {183} | Etesamo lope |
o for the final of these when the inflection is elided |
manomayaṁ kāyaṁ upapanno, tejosamena cetasā viharāmi, kena tapoguṇena, manomayaṁ — not āposamena cetasā viharāmi, āposamena |
atta, ta, eta, ima, amu, kiṁ and the rest {211}–{236}
Section titled “atta, ta, eta, ima, amu, kiṁ and the rest {211}–{236}”| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {211} | Attanto hismimanattaṁ |
atta final becomes ana before hi |
attanehi, attanebhi — not rājehi, rājebhi |
| {212} | Tato smiṁ ni |
after atta, smiṁ becomes ni |
attani kusalaṁ dhammaṁ, attani |
| {213} | Sassa no |
after atta, sa becomes no |
attano ca parassa ca, attano |
| {214} | Smā nā |
after atta, smā becomes nā |
attanā paribhuñji, attanā |
| {215} | Jhalato ca |
and after jha, la: smā becomes nā |
agginā vā daḍḍhaṁ hoti, agginā, daṇḍinā, bhikkhunā — not ahiṁsakā ye munayo, aggayo |
| {216} | Ghapato smiṁ yaṁ vā |
optionally, after gha, pa: smiṁ becomes yaṁ |
bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati, bhagavā nāḷandāyaṁ viharati, kaññāyaṁ, kaññāya |
| {217} | Yonaṁ ni napuṁsakehi |
yo becomes ni after neuters |
kāpotakāni aṭṭhīni bhavanti, aṭṭhīni, aṭṭhī, āyūni — not tisso itthiyo, itthiyo |
| {218} | Ato niccaṁ |
always, after neuter a |
cattārimāni, bhikkhave, bhayāni, kāni kammāni brūhayaṁ, yāni, tāni |
| {219} | Siṁ |
neuter si becomes aṁ |
sabbaṁ, bhikkhave, ādittaṁ, sabbaṁ, yaṁ, taṁ |
| {220} | Sesato lopaṁ gasipi |
after the rest, ga and si too are elided |
yena sā itthī tenupasaṅkami, bhoti itthi, sā itthī, bho daṇḍi — not satthussa sāsanenāpi, puriso gacchati |
| {221} | Sabbāsamāvuso pasagganipātādīhi ca |
all [inflections elided] after āvuso, prefixes, particles |
tvaṁ panāvuso gotama, tumhe panāvuso, padaso dhammaṁ vāceyya, vihāraṁ sve upagaccheyya |
| {222} | Pumassa liṅgādīsu samāsesu |
final of puma elided before liṅga etc. in compounds |
pulliṅgaṁ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo — not itthiyā ca itthiliṅgaṁ pāturahosi purisassa ca purisaliṅgaṁ, pumassa liṅgaṁ |
| {223} | Aṁ yamīto pasaññato |
aṁ becomes yaṁ after feminine ī |
taṁ itthiṁ etadavoca, itthiyaṁ, itthiṁ — not itthīhi sikkheyyāma, daṇḍinaṁ |
| {224} | Naṁ jhato katarassā |
aṁ becomes naṁ after a shortened jha |
nāhaṁ bhāyāmi bhoginaṁ, daṇḍinaṁ, bhoginaṁ — not vessabhuṁ vijitāvinaṁ, vātā kucchiṁ parikantanti |
| {225} | Yonaṁ no |
yo becomes no [after a shortened jha] |
bhogino bhogāni bhuñjanti, daṇḍino, bhogino, he daṇḍino — not sayambhuno pañcasatā, aggayo |
| {226} | Smiṁni |
smiṁ becomes ni [after a shortened jha] |
daṇḍini, bhogini — not byādhimhi uppajjantepi, byādhimhi |
| {227} | Kissa ka ve ca |
kiṁ becomes ka before va, and elsewhere |
kva gatosi tvaṁ devānaṁpiyatissa, tvaṁ pana, bhante, kva ahosi, ko taṁ ninditumarahati, kathaṁ bodhayituṁ dhammaṁ — not kuto āgatosi tvaṁ, kuto imesaṁ sāmaññaṁ |
| {228} | Ku hiṁhaṁsu ca |
kiṁ becomes ku before hiṁ, haṁ |
kuhiṁ gacchasi, kuhaṁ gacchasi, rattiṁ kuhiṁ gacchasi |
| {229} | Sesesu ca |
and ka before the remaining [inflections and suffixes] |
ko pakāro kathaṁ, kaṁ pakāraṁ kathaṁ, kathaṁ nu kho amhehi paṭipajjitabbaṁ |
| {230} | Tra to thesu ca |
And [ku] before tra, to, tha |
kuto imesaṁ sāmaññaṁ, kutra, kuto, kuttha |
| {231} | Sabbassetassākāro vā |
Optionally the whole of eta becomes a |
ato kho te, kaccāna, bahū hi bahutarā devā, ato, attha, etto |
| {232} | Tre niccaṁ |
Always before tra |
atra paviṭṭhassa suṅkaṁ gaṇhantu, atra |
| {233} | E tothesu ca |
And [optionally] e before to, tha |
ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo, etto, ato, ettha |
| {234} | Imassi thaṁ dāni ha to dhesu ca |
i for ima before thaṁ, dāni, ha, to, dha |
ito gaṇhanto pārājiko bhavissāmi, itthaṁ, idāni, iha |
| {235} | A dhunāmhi ca |
a [for ima] before dhunā |
adhunā kālaṅkato, adhunā |
| {236} | Eta rahimhi |
eta [for ima] before rahi |
etarahi kho vajjī dubbhikkhā, etarahi |