J: `kibbidhāna` (`kita` affixes)

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Part of “A Beginner (Non-Linguist) Guide to Learning Pali”

kita affixed nouns {546} usually have a sense of a “doer” (someone who does something). This appendix contains a subset of the examples Kaccāyana gives; every rule number links to the rule on kaccayana.github.io, where the full set is tabled.

Kita’ntogadha dutiyā Tappurisa

saddūpapada ② (nearby noun e.g. kamma-work, kumbha-pot, mālā-flower) + dhātu (e.g. kara, gaha) + affix (e.g. ṇa)

rule	phrase	saddūpapada	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{524}	kammaṁ karotī’ti	kamma	kara	ṇa	kamma + kara + ṇa (o)	kammakāro	the one who does work i.e. “worker”, “labourer”
{525}	ariṁ dametī’ti	ari	damu	a	ari(n) + damu + a (o)	arindamo	the one who subdues enemies (e.g. rājā)
{525}	taṇhaṁ karotī’ti	taṇhā	kara	a	taṇhā(an) + kara + a (o)	taṇhaṅkaro	the one who overcomes cravings (e.g. bhagavā)
{526}	pure dānaṁ adāsī’ti	pura	dada	a	pura(in) + dada + a (o)	purindado	the one who gave alms in the previous past lives (e.g. devarājā)
{527}	taṁ karotī’ti	ta	kara	a	ta(k) + kara + a (o)	takkaro	the one who does that deed
{527}	rathaṁ karotī’ti	ratha	kara	ṇvu	ratha + ka(ā)ra(k) + ṇvu (o)	rathakārako	the one who makes chariot, the chariot-maker
{527}	taṁ karotī’ti	ta	kara	tu	ta(k) + kara(t) + tu (ā)	takkattā	the one who does that deed
{527}	bhayaṁ passatī’ti	bhaya	disa	āvī	bhaya + disa(ass) + āvī	bhayadassāvī	the one who sees danger

Miscellaneous

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{528}	pavisatī’ti	visa	ṇa	pa + vi(e)sa + ṇa (o)	paveso	the one who enters
{528}	rujatī’ti	ruja	ṇa	ruja(og) + ṇa (o)	rogo	that which afflicts, pain or disease
{528}	uppajjatī’ti	pada	ṇa	u + (p)pa(ā)da + ṇa (o)	uppādo	that which arises, the process of arising
{529}	paccate, pacanaṁ vā	paca	ṇa	paca(k) + ṇa (o)	pāko	act of cooking (bhāva)
{530}	sambhavatī’ti	bhū	kvi	saṁ + bhū + kvi	sambhū	the one which happens or arises well
{531}	dharati tenā’ti	dhara	ramma	dhara + ramma (o)	dhammo	the wholesome righteous Dhamma by which good results are carried
{538}	samaggaṁ kammaṁ sa’mupagacchatī’ti	hana	ra	saṁ + hanagh + ra (o)	saṁgho	the community of brethren who congregate to (conduct) the sacred activities unitedly

tassīlā (habitual pattern)

• a habit, habitual pattern, a consistent character (tassīlā)
• an ingrained nature (taddhamma)
• a dedicated habit of doing things well (tassādhukārī)

rule	phrase	saddūpapada	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{532}	piyaṁ pasaṁsituṁ sīlaṁ yassa rañño, so hoti rājā	piya	saṁsa	ṇī	piya + pa + saṁsa + ṇī	piyapasaṁsī	the king who used to praise the loved ones
{532}	pasayha pavattituṁ sīlaṁ yassa rañño, so hoti rājā	pasayha	vatu	tu	pasayha + pa + vatu + tu (ā)	pasayhapavattā	the king who used to behave overbearingly
{532}	bhayaṁ passituṁ sīlaṁ yassa samaṇassa so hoti samaṇo	bhaya	disa	āvī	bhaya + di(as)sa + āvī	bhayadassāvī	the monk who used to see dangers (of unwholesome actions)
{534}	bhavapāraṁ gantuṁ sīlaṁ yassa purisassa, so hoti puriso	pāra	gamu	rū	bhavapāra + gamu + rū	bhavapāragū	the man whose habit is to go to the other shore of life, i.e. an arahant, a liberated one

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{533}	ghosanasīlo	sadda, kudha, cala, maṇḍa, ruca, ghusa	yu	ghu(o)sa + yu (no)	ghosano	the one whose habit is to be vocal, the vocal one, noisy talker
{533}	bhikkhanasīlo yācanasīlo	bhikkha	rū	bhikkha + rū (u)	bhikkhu	the one used to begging
{533}	āhananasīlo	hana	ṇuka	ā + (gh)hana(ā) + (t)ṇuka (o)	āghātuko	the executioner, killer

kicca affixes {545}

These affixes are associated with passive-voice (kamma) verbal nouns or middle-voice (bhāva) verbs. Some Pāḷi grammar books refer to them as “future passive participles” but this only describes the kamma sense of these words.

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{540}	bhavitabbaṁ	bhū	anīya	bhū(av) + anīya (ṁ)	bhavanīyaṁ	(It) should be (Kamma sense), or the state of being (Bhāva sense)
{541}	kattabbaṁ	kara	ṇya	kara(i) + ṇya (ṁ)	kāriyaṁ	(It) should be done (kamma) or act of doing, an act (bhāva)
{541}	ñātabbaṁ	ñā	teyya	ñā + teyya (ṁ)	ñāteyyaṁ	it should be known (kamma) or act of knowing (bhāva)
{542}	kattabbaṁ	kara	ricca	kara + ricca (ṁ)	kiccaṁ	something that should be done, i.e. a matter or a case or a duty to do
{543}	bhavitabbo	bhū	ṇya	bhū + ṇya(abba) (o)	bhabbo	likely to happen, likely to occur

yu affix (sādhana)

rule	sense	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{547}	bhāva	nandīyate	nanda	yu	nanda + yu(na) (ṁ)	nandanaṁ	act of liking, the pleasure
{547}	kamma	nanditabbaṁ	nanda	yu	nanda + yu(na) (ṁ)	nandanaṁ	something which should be pleased with, being pleasant or such a thing
{548}	kattu	rajaṁ haratī’ti	hara	yu	raja(o) + hara + yu(na) (ṁ)	rajoharaṇaṁ	the dust-remover
{548}	karaṇa	karoti tenā’ti	kara	yu	kara + yu(na) (ṁ)	karaṇaṁ	a supporting cause, a means or an instrument by which actions are accomplished
{548}	padesa	tiṭṭhanti tasmin’ti	ṭhā	yu	ṭhā + yu(na) (ṁ)	ṭhānaṁ	point or location on which things stand or exist

sañña + i

rule	sense	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{551}	kamma	paṭhamaṁ ādīyatī’ti	dā	i	ā + dā + i	ādi	something taken initially, a beginning, an inception, a starting point
{551}		udakaṁ dadhātī’ti	dhā	i	udaka + dhā + i	udadhi	that which carries water, an ocean
{551}	kattu	maho’dakāni dadhātī’ti	dhā	i	mahodaka + dhā + i	mahodadhi	that which carries great (amount of) water, an ocean
{551}	adhikaraṇa	vālāni dadhāti tasmin’ti	dhā	i	vāla + dhā + i	vāladhi	that which carries the hairs, a tail
{551}	kamma	sammā dhīyatī’ti	dhā	i	saṁ(n) + dhā + i	sandhi	act of combining well

sañña (well wishes)

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{552}	jino enaṁ bujjhatū’ti	budha	ti	jina + bud(d)ha + ti	jinabuddhi	may the Buddha know him
{552}	dhanaṁ assa bhavatū’ti	bhū	ti	dhana + bhū + ti	dhanabhūti	may he be prosperous or wealthy
{552}	bhavatū’ti	bhū	ta	bhū + ta (o)	bhūto	may be, i.e. grow
{552}	bhavatū’ti	bhū	ṇa	bhū(a) + ṇa(v) (o)	bhāvo	being, a state
{552}	dhammo enaṁ dadātū’ti	dā	ta	dhamma + dā(i) + ta(nn) (o)	dhammadinno	may the Dhamma give him (happiness)
{552}	vaḍḍhatū’ti	vaḍḍha	māna	vaḍḍha + māna (o)	vaḍḍhamāno	prosperous

itthi

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{553}	jīratī’ti	jara	a	jara + a (ā)	jarā	that which degenerates, decaying, ageing
{553}	maññatī’ti	mana	ti	mana + ti	mati	that which thinks, thought, view, opinion
{553}	cetayatī’ti	citi	yu	ci(e)ti~~(a) + yun (ā)	cetanā	that which motivates, motive, volition, intent
{553}	vedayatī’ti	vida	yu	vi(e)da + yun (ā)	vedanā	that which feels, feeling

kara + ririya

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{554}	kattabbā	kara	ririya	kara + ririya (ā)	kiriyā(🚺)	an action
{554}	karaṇīyaṁ	kara	ririya	kara + ririya (ṁ)	kiriyaṁ(🚻)	an action

Atīta (past)

past perfect verbs and verbal nouns (also referred to as past participles)

rule	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{555}	hu	ta	hu + ta (o)	huto	given, sacrificed
{555}	hu	tavantu	hu + tavantu (ā)	hutavā	given, sacrificed
{555}	hu	tāvī	hu + tāvī	hutāvī	given, sacrificed

ta affix (voice)

rule	sense	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{556}	bhāva	tassa	ge	ta	ge(ī) + ta + (ṁ)	gītaṁ	singing, i.e. the singing act of that person
{556}	kamma	tena	bhāsa	ta	bhāsa(i) + ta + (ṁ)	bhāsitaṁ	is said, i.e. said by that person
{557}	kattā	sabbe saṅkhatā’saṅkhate dhamme bujjhati, abujjhi, bujjhissatī’ti	budha	ta	bud(d)ha + ta + (o)	buddho	the one who knows, who knew and who will know all constructed and unconstructed phenomena, the Buddha (also derived with tta {643}: 10.8)

ina affix

rule	sense	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{558}	kattā	pāpake akusale dhamme jināti, ajini, jinissatī’ti	ji	ina	ji + ina (o)	jino	the one who subjugates, subjugated and will subjugate the evil, bad, unwholesome mental states, Buddha, the victor of evil
{559}	kattā	supatī’ti	supa	ina	supa + ina (ṁ)	supinaṁ	dream, (seen while sleeping)
{559}	bhāva	supīyate	supa	ina	supa + ina (ṁ)	supinaṁ	sleep

īsaṁ, du, su + kha

rule	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{560}	si	kha	īsaṁ(s) + si + a (yo)	īsassayo	little-sleeping, a nap (bhavatā)
{560}	si	kha	du(s) + si + a (yo)	dussayo	badly-sleeping, bad sleep (bhavatā)
{560}	si	kha	su(s) + si + a (yo)	sussayo	well-sleeping sleep (bhavatā)

tuṁ affix

rule	meaning	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{561}	“wish” or “purpose”*	puññāni	kara	tave	kara + tave	kātave	to do, i.e. for the purpose of doing meritorious deeds
{561}	“wish” or “purpose”*	saddhammaṁ	su	tuṁ	su(o) + tuṁ	sotu’micchati	He wants to listen to the Dhamma
{562}	worthiness and ability	saddhammaṁ	ninda	tuṁ	ninda(i) + tuṁ	ninditum’arahati	Who deserves to blame that person?
{563}	“appropriateness” to do something	ala’meva dānāni	dā	tuṁ	dā + tuṁ	dātuṁ	to offer, i.e. It is only appropriate to offer alms (as it can enrich one in many ways)
{563}	“appropriateness” to do something	ala’meva puññāni	kara	tuṁ	kara + tuṁ	kātuṁ	to do, i.e. It is fitting or suitable to do meritorious deeds (as it can lead to wholesome results)

*in a sentence having one same Kattā (subject)

tuna, tvāna, tvā (the absolutive)

To express concurrent actions of a single doer, one being a preceding action and the other being next subsequent action.

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{564}	kātuna kammaṁ gacchati	kara	tuna	kara(ā) + tuna	kātuna	He goes (after) having done work
{564}	akātuna puññaṁ kilissanti	kara	tuna	na + kara(ā) + tuna	akātuna	(He) will suffer for not having done meritorious deeds
{564}	sattā sutvāna dhammaṁ modanti	su	tvāna	su + tvāna	sutvāna	having heard Dhamma, the living beings are delighted
{564}	jitvāna vasati	ji	tvāna	ji + tvāna	jitvāna	Having conquered the enemy (ripuṁ), (he) lives
{564}	sutvāna’ssa eta’dahosi	su	tvāna	su + tvāna	sutvāna	having heard Dhamma, this thought arose in him (in his mind)
{564}	sutvāna amutra kathayanti	su	tvāna	su + tvāna	sutvāna	having heard here, they say there (what they heard)
{564}	sutvā jānissāma	su	tvā	su + tvā	sutvā	We must know (how to respond) (only after) having heard (from you)

māna, anta (present participle)

To express an on-going action being done or still taking place at present, (i.e. as yet unfinished action).

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{565}	saramāno rodati	sara	māna	sara + a + māna (o)	saramāno	(he) cries while remembering
{565}	gacchanto gaṇhāti	gamu	anta	gamu(cch) + anta (o)	gacchanto	(he) takes or grabs while going

ritu, ratthu, rātu, tuka, ika

rule	phrase	dhātu	affix	transformation	word	meaning
{566}	sāsatī’ti	sāsa	ratthu	sāsa + ratthu (ā)	satthā	the one who teaches, the teacher
{566}	sāsati hiṁsatī’ti vā	sāsa	ratthu	sāsa + ratthu (ā)	satthā	the one who hurts the defilements, Buddha who hurts defilements
{567}	pāti puttan’ti	pā	ritu	pā + ritu (ā)	pitā	the one who protects one’s offspring, the father
{568}	dhammena puttaṁ mānetī’ti	māna	rātu	māna + rātu (ā)	mātā	the one who justly adores (her) offspring, the mother
{568}	pubbe bhāsatī’ti	bhāsa	rātu	bhāsa + rātu (ā)	bhātā	the one who speaks (first before other young siblings) i.e. Brother.
{568}	mātāpitūhi dhārīyatī’ti	dhara	ritu	dhara + ri(ī)tu (ā)	dhītā	the one who is borne by mother and father, i.e. the daughter
{569}	āgacchatī’ti	gamu	tuka	ā + gamu(n) + tuka (o)	āgantuko	the one who comes (to visit) (bhikkhu)
{570}	gamissati, gantuṁ bhabbo’ti	gamu	ika	gamu + ika (o)	gamiko	the one who will go, who is able to go: a traveller

The niṭṭhā forms and the changes of the root {571}–{623}

Kaccāyana’s third, fourth and fifth kaṇḍas of the Kibbidhāna state how the past-participle suffix ta combines with the root’s final (buddha, gata, diṭṭha, laddha …), how the root is reshaped before the other kita affixes, and which letters are inserted, in summary: the sutta, its words, what it does and Kaccāyana’s example words (after “not”, the counter-examples). The full rules are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/7-kibbidhanakappa.

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{571}	Paccayādaniṭṭhā nipātanā sijjhanti	Forms the suffix rules do not reach are established by direct statement	nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatanaṁ, kataṁ me ajja bhattakiccaṁ, ajja paṭiggahitaṁ aparajju khāditaṁ hoti, atthāpatti bhūmigato āpajjati, no vehāsagato
{572}	Sāsa disato tassa riṭṭho ca	riṭṭha for ta after sāsa, disa; and raṭṭha, raṭṭhuṁ	anusiṭṭho so mayā, adiṭṭhaṁ diṭṭhaṁ me, diṭṭhaṁ me rūpaṁ
{573}	Sādisanta puccha bhanja hansādīhiṭṭho	ṭṭha for ta with the root’s final, after roots in s, puccha, bhanja, hansa	aññataro bhikkhu ahinā daṭṭho hoti, haṭṭho udaggo, tuṭṭho, ahinā daṭṭho naro
{574}	Vasato uttha	uttha for ta with the root’s final, after vasa	kāsīsu vassaṁvuṭṭho, vuttho me, bhante, sāvatthiyaṁ vassāvāso, vassaṁvuṭṭho
{575}	Vassa vā vu	Optionally vu, that is u, for the va of vasa	khīṇā jāti, vusitaṁ brahmacariyaṁ, vusitaṁ brahmacariyaṁ, uṭṭho, vuṭṭho
{576}	Dha ḍha bha he hi dhaḍḍhā ca	dha, ḍha for ta after roots in dh, ḍh, bh, h	vigarahi buddho bhagavā, nanu tvaṁ, āvuso, vuḍḍho vīsativassosi, laddhaṁ me cakkhuṁ amānusaṁ, senāsanaṁ agginā daḍḍhaṁ hoti
{577}	Bhanjato ggo ca	And gga for ta with the root’s final, after bhanja	sabbā te phāsukā bhaggā, bhaggo
{578}	Bhujādīnamanto no dvi ca	After bhuja etc. the final is dropped and the ta doubled	raṭṭhapiṇḍo bhutto, bhikkhū bhuttāvī pavāritā, rāgo me catto vanto mutto pahīno, ratto duṭṭho ca mūḷho ca
{579}	Vaca vāvu	u for the va of vaca, the final dropped and the ta doubled	vuttañhetaṁ bhagavatā vuttamarahatāti me sutaṁ, vuttaṁ bhagavatā, uttaṁ
{580}	Gupādīnañca	And after gupa etc. [the final is dropped and the ta doubled]	sīlakkhandho sugutto hoti surakkhito, kaṇhasappo agginā santatto, sugutto, catto
{581}	Tarādīhi iṇṇo	iṇṇa for ta after tara etc., the final dropped	tiṇṇo tiṇṇehi saha purāṇajaṭilehi, imehi manussehi ākiṇṇo, taratīti tiṇṇo, uttaratīti uttiṇṇo
{582}	Bhidādito inna anna īṇāvā	Optionally inna, anna, īṇa for ta after bhida etc., the final dropped	patto bhinno hoti, dārakassa dinno, ekamantaṁ nisinno, yassa kāmāsavo khīṇo — not gerukaparikammakatā bhitti, bhijjatīti bhitti
{583}	Susa paca sakato kkha kkā ca	kkha, kka for ta after susa, paca, saka, the final dropped	sukkhaṁ kaṭṭhaṁ koḷāpaṁ, idaṁ vatvāna maghavā, devarājā sujampati, atha kho sakko devānamindo, sussatīti sukkhaṁ, kaṭṭhaṁ
{584}	Pakkamādīhi nto ca	nta for ta after pakkama etc., the final dropped; and nti for ti	upajjhāyo pakkanto vā hoti, vibbhanto vā, santo danto niyato brahmacārī, pakkamatīti pakkanto, vibbhamatīti vibbhanto
{585}	Janādīnamā timhi ca	ā for the final of jana etc. before ta, and before ti	yato ahaṁ, bhante, jāto, bhavapaccayā jāti, ajanīti jāto, jananaṁ jāti — not janitvā, janitā
{586}	Gama khana hana ramādīnamanto	The final of gama, khana, hana, ramu etc. [is optionally dropped before ta, ti]	khataṁ upahataṁ attānaṁ pariharati, natthi tuyhaṁ sugati, rato mano kassapa, sundaraṁ nibbānaṁ gacchatīti sugato — not ariyappavedite dhamme, sadā ramati paṇḍito, ramato
{587}	Rakāro ca	And a final r [is dropped before ta, ti]	kenāyaṁ pakato satto, aññā pakati ahosi, pakārena karīyatīti pakato, paṭhamaṁ karīyatīti pakati
{588}	Ṭhāpānami ī ca	i, ī for the ā of ṭhā, pā before ta, and before ti	orato ṭhito puriso, yassa natthi dhuvaṁ ṭhiti, majjaṁ maññe tayā pītaṁ, pamuditāya pīti jāyissati
{589}	Hantehi ho hassa ḷo vā adahanahānaṁ	ha for ta after roots in h, whose h optionally becomes ḷ; not daha, naha	chadanesupi āruḷhā acchanti, aññataro gāḷho rogātaṅko phusati, bāḷhā vedanā vattanti māraṇantikā, ratto duṭṭho ca mūḷho ca — not gāmo agginā daḍḍho hoti, sannaddho khattiyo tapati
{590}	Ṇamhiranjassa jo bhāvakaraṇesu	nj of ranja becomes j before a ṇ suffix, in the senses of action and instrument	rāgo, doso, moho — ime kho, āvuso, tayo dhammā, rañjanaṁ rāgo, ranjanti etenāti rāgo — not ranjatīti raṅgo
{591}	Hanassa ghāto	ghāta for hana before a ṇ suffix	parassa ca puggalassa upaghāto, rājagahe goghātako ahosi, upahanatīti upaghāto, gāvo hanatīti goghātako
{592}	Vadho vā sabbattha	Optionally vadha for hana everywhere	devadattena kira bhagavato vadho payutto, akkocchi maṁ avadhi maṁ, ajini maṁ ahāsi me, vadhako paṭiggaṇhāti, hanatīti vadho
{593}	Ākārantānamāyo	āya for the final ā of a root before a ṇ suffix	ahañhi dāyako kārako saṁghupaṭṭhāko, dadātīti dāyako, dānaṁ dātuṁ sīlaṁ yassāti dānadāyī, majjaṁ dātuṁ sīlaṁ yassāti majjadāyī
{594}	Pura samupa parīhi karotissa kha kharā vā tappaccayesuca	Optionally kha, khara for kara after pura, saṁ, upa, pari, before ta and before a ṇ suffix	purakkhato bhikkhugaṇassa majjhe, ariyo kho, āvuso visākha, aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo saṅkhato, mahāyañño upakkhaṭo hoti, garuko ca hoti parikkhāro — not upakāro mitto suhado veditabbo, upagantvā karotīti upakāro
{595}	Tave tunādīsu kā	kā for kara before tave, tuna and the like	alaṁ puññāni kātave, na sakkoti aññaṁ vikkāyikaṁ bhaṇḍaṁ kātuṁ, kattuṁ jānāti khattiyo, ekekaṁ mūlaṁ kātuna
{596}	Gama khana hanādīnaṁ tuṁ tabbādīsu na	Optionally n for the final of gama, khana, hana etc. before tuṁ, tabba and the like	ārāmaṁ vā vihāraṁ vā gantuṁ, pahoti hantuṁ vā bandhituṁ vā, gantuṁ, gamituṁ
{597}	Sabbehi tunādīnaṁ yo	Optionally ya for tuna and the like after any root	passiya varapuññalakkhaṇaṁ, ekakaṁ ohāya pakkamiṁsu, āsajja upanīya vācā bhāsitā, manussaṁ uddissa opātaṁ khanati
{598}	Canantehi raccaṁ	Optionally racca for tuna and the like after roots ending in c and n	vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi, aṭṭhimiñjaṁ āhacca tiṭṭhati, indakhīlaṁ ūhacca manejā, attānudiṭṭhiṁ uhacca — not gāviṁ hantvā maṁsaṁ khāditvā, hantvā
{599}	Disā svāna svāntalopo ca	svāna, svā for tuna and the like after disa, and the final is elided	disvāna yenāyasmā sudinno tenupasaṅkami, cakkhunā rūpaṁ disvā, disvāna, disvā
{600}	Ma ha da bhehi mma yha jja bbha ddhā ca	Optionally mma, yha, jja, bbha, ddhā for tuna and the like after roots ending in m, h, d, bh, and the final is elided	taṁ āgamma assaddhā honti, maggā okkamma yena aññataro vanasaṇḍo, samādāya paggayha tiṭṭheyya, latā uppajja tiṭṭhati
{601}	Taddhitasamāsakitakā nāmaṁ vā’ tave tunādīsu ca	Derivatives, compounds and kita words count as nouns, except those in tave, tuna and the like	vāsiṭṭho diṭṭho hoti, diṭṭhadhammo pattadhammo viditadhammo, so kumbhakāro bhikkhūnaṁ bahū patte karonto, vāsiṭṭho
{602}	Dumhi garu	The syllable before a conjunct is garu, heavy	bhogaṁ datvā vāseti, heṭṭhā hutvā silaṁ uccāresi, bhitvā, chitvā
{603}	Dīgho ca	And a long vowel is garu, heavy	kabaḷīkāro āhāro, yena vaggumudā nadī tenupasaṅkami, ye te dhammā ādikalyāṇā, āhāro
{604}	Akkharehi kāra	The suffix kāra after the names of letters	a eva akāro, ā eva ākāro, ya eva yakāro
{605}	Yathāgamamikāro	The insertion of i between root and suffix, as the tradition has it	hoti bhogehi kāriyaṁ, samaṇena bhavitabbaṁ abyāvaṭena, ayoniso manasi karitvā, yaṁ vata no ahosi icchitaṁ
{606}	Dadhantato yo kvaci	Sometimes the insertion of y after a root ending in d or dh, before tuna and the like	buddho loke uppajjitvā, dhammaṁ bujjhitvā, uppajjitvā nirujjhanti, sāmaṁ saccāni bujjhitvā — not visagataṁ piṇḍapātaṁ labhitvā, labhitvā
{607}	Niggahita saṁyogādino	n heading a conjunct becomes niggahīta	‘saṅgo’ti, bhikkhave, kāmānametaṁ adhivacanaṁ, mā majjhe bhaṅgo ahosīti, raṅgo, bhaṅgo
{608}	Sabbattha ge gī	gī for the root ge everywhere	gītaṁ gāyati, naccaṁ vā gītaṁ vā vāditaṁ vā dassanāya gaccheyya
{609}	Sadassa sīdattaṁ	sīda for the root sada everywhere	ekamantaṁ nisinno kho dasamo gahapati aṭṭhakanāgaro, araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā nisīdati, nisinno, nisīdati
{610}	Yajassa sarassi ṭṭhe	the vowel of yaja becomes i before ṭṭha	yaññā yiṭṭhā ye vipulā pasatthā, natthi dinnaṁ, natthi yiṭṭhaṁ, natthi hutaṁ, yiṭṭho, yiṭṭhā — not yajanaṁ
{611}	Hacatutthānamantānaṁ do dhe	root-final h and fourth letters become d before dh	sannaddho khattiyo tapati, kuto tayā, āvuso, piṇḍo laddho, sannaddho, kuddho
{612}	Ḍo ḍhakāre	and ḍ before ḍh	gāmo agginā daḍḍho hoti, nanu tvaṁ, āvuso, vuḍḍho vīsativassosi, dayhatīti daḍḍho, vaḍḍhatīti vuḍḍho — not dāho
{613}	Gahassa ghara ṇe vā	Optionally ghara for gaha before ṇa	ehi, tāta sudinna, gharaṁ gamissāma, amhākaṁ gharāni āgantvā, gharaṁ, gharāni — not gāho— idaṁ vuccati macchariyaṁ, gāho
{614}	Dahassa do ḷaṁ	Optionally ḷ for the d of daha [before ṇa]	pariḷāho kāyasmiṁ okkami, pariḷāho — not yo kileso ca paridāho, paridāho
{615}	Dhātvantassa lopo kvimhi	a root’s final consonant is elided before kvi	bhujanto gacchatīti bhujago; urena gacchatīti urago, muttā maṇi veḷuriyo saṅkho silā pavālaṁ, bhujena gacchatīti bhujago, urena gacchatīti urago
{616}	Vidante ū	ū inserted at the end of vida [before kvi]	sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi, lokaṁ vidati jānātīti lokavidū
{617}	Na ma ka rānamantānaṁ niyuttatamhi	final n, m, k, r kept before a t suffix with i	vanante ramito siyā, ayoniso manasi karitvā, hanituṁ, gamito — not gharaṁ gato ito vā ekaṁ sāṭakaṁ pahiṇissāmi, gato
{618}	Na ka gattaṁ ca jāṇvumhi	c, j do not become k, g before ṇvu	yājako so na brāhmaṇo, pacatīti pācako, yajatīti yājako
{619}	Karassa ca tattaṁ tusmiṁ	and the r of kara becomes t before tu	sarasi tvaṁ, dabba, evarūpaṁ kattā, pubbakā isayo mantānaṁ kattāro mantānaṁ pavattāro, karotīti kattā, karontīti kattāro
{620}	Tuṁ tuna tabbesu vā	Optionally [t for the r of kara] before tuṁ, tuna, tabba	kattuṁ jānāti khattiyo, puññāni ca kātuṁ, ekekaṁ mūlaṁ kātuna baddhacakkaṁ parivattakaṁ kattabbaṁ, kattuṁ
{621}	Kāritaṁ viya ṇānubandho	a suffix marked with ṇ counts as a causative	deho me jotate sadā, ahañhi dāyako kārako saṁghupaṭṭhāko, pañcannaṁ jaṭilasatānaṁ nāyako hoti, sīlesu paripūrakārī hoti samādhismiṁ mattaso kārī — not upakkharo
{622}	Anakā yu ṇvūnaṁ	ana, aka for yu, ṇvu	ye na passanti nandanaṁ, bahuno amhākaṁ anatthassa kārako, nandanaṁ, kārako
{623}	Ka gā ca jānaṁ	k, g for root-final c, j before a ṇ-marked suffix	abhidhamme abhivinaye yogo karaṇīyo, pāko, yogo