F: `upasagga` meanings

27 Oct 2026 · 25 min read

Detailed Meanings of upasagga Particles

`pa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specifically, specially, in various ways	`pajānāti`	`pa` + `jānāti`	(he) knows specifically, in various ways
	`paññā`	`pa` + `ñā`	knowing specifically, in various ways, i.e. wisdom, knowledge
up	`paggaṇhāti`	`pa` + `gaṇhāti`	(He) takes up, lifts up by praise and support etc.
	`paggāho`	`pa` + `gāho`	such an act
away, abroad, far away	`pakkamati`	`pa` + `kamati`	(He) goes away
	`pakkanto`	`pa` + `kanto`	gone away
	`pavāsaṁ`	`pa` + `vāsaṁ`	living abroad, the distant place
	`pavāsī`	`pa` + `vāsī`	resident abroad, one who lives at a distant region or country
the source	`pabhavati`	`pa` + `bhavati`	(It) originates, i.e. it starts to happen
	`pabhavo`	`pa` + `bhavo`	origin
successively	`papitāmaho`	`pa` + `pitāmaho`	great-grandfather
	`panattā`	`pa` + `nattā`	great-grandchildren
	`pācariyā`	`pa` + `ācariyā`	successive generation of preceding teachers
chief, noble	`padhānaṁ`	`pa` + `dhānaṁ`	chief, principal
	`pāvacanaṁ`	`pa` + `vacanaṁ`	the noble words of Buddha, i.e. canonical texts
	`paṇītaṁ`	`pa` + `nītaṁ`	noble, the best
being clear and clean	`pasīdati`	`pa` + `sīdati`	(It) settles clear (as the mind being clear with joy and faith)
	`pasanno`	`pa` + `sanno`	being joyous or pleased with joy etc.
inside	`pakkhipati`	`pa` + `khipati`	(He) puts inside
	`pakkhitto`	`pa` + `khitto`	having put inside
	`pasassati`	`pa` + `sassati`	(He) breathes in
	`passāso`	`pa` + `ssāso`	inhalation
intensifier	`padahati`	`pa` + `dahati`	(He) strives
	`padhānaṁ`	`pa` + `dhānaṁ`	Effort in meditation practice or in any pursuit
	`pavassati`	`pa` + `vassati`	(It) rains heavily
	`pavanaṁ`	`pa` + `vanaṁ`	thick forest

`parā`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
opposite of	`parājayati`	`parā` + `jayati`	(He) fails or is defeated
	`parājayo`	`parā` + `jayo`	defeat, failure (compare with `jayati` - conquers)
	`parābhavati`	`parā` + `bhavati`	(He) loses
	`parābhavo`	`parā` + `bhavo`	loss, ruin (compare with `bhavati` - happens, arises)
again and again, continuously	`parakkamati`	`parā` + `kamati`	(He) makes effort again and again
	`parakkamo`	`parā` + `kamo`	continuous, successive effort
wrongly	`parāmasati`	`parā` + `āmasati`	(He) touches it wrongly, takes it in wrong way
	`parāmāso`	`parā` + `āmāso`	touching wrongly, wrong view

`ni`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
out, away	`nikkhamati`	`ni` + `kamati`	(He) comes out
	`niggato`	`ni` + `gato`	gone out, left
down, into	`nidahati`	`ni` + `dahati`	(He) keeps underneath, stores (as of precious things by burying) or takes it deeply
	`nidhānaṁ`	`ni` + `dhānaṁ`	such an act
	`nihito`	`ni` + `hito`	having kept down
	`nikkhipati`	`ni` + `khipati`	(He) drops down
	`nikkhitto`	`ni` + `khitto`	having dropped
	`nisīdati`	`ni` + `sīdati`	(He) settles down, i.e. sits
	`nisinno`	`ni` + `sinno`	having sat
	`niggaṇhāti`	`ni` + `gaṇhāti`	(he) takes down, i.e. censures (compare `paggaṇhāti` - lifts up by praise etc.)
	`niggaha`	`ni` + `gaha`	censure (compare `paggaha` - encouragement and support)
back down, as in going or in an action, opposite of	`nivattati`	`ni` + `vattati`	backs down or gives up
	`nivattanaṁ`	`ni` + `vattanaṁ`	returning or act of giving up
without, lack of	`nidukkho`	`ni` + `dukkho`	without suffering
	`nirogo`	`ni` + `rogo`	without disease, healthy
	`nillajjo`	`ni` + `lajjo`	without shame, shameless

`nī`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
out, off, to remove	`nīharati`	`nī` + `harati`	(He) takes out, removes
	`nīharaṇaṁ`	`nī` + `haraṇaṁ`	act of taking out, removal

`u`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
up, upward	`uggacchati`	`u` + `gacchati`	(It) goes upward
	`uggamanaṁ`	`u` + `gamanaṁ`	act of going up
	`uṇṇamati`	`u` + `namati`	(It) leans up (as a young shoot of tree or like a person being arrogant)
	`uṇṇamanaṁ`	`u` + `namanaṁ`	act of leaning up, arrogance, pride
	`uggaṇhāti`	`u` + `gaṇhāti`	takes upward, i.e. learns
wrong, opposite of	`ummaggo`	`u` + `maggo`	the wrong path
	`uddhammaṁ`	`u` + `dhammaṁ`	wrong Dhamma
	`ubbinayaṁ`	`u` + `vinayaṁ`	wrong Vinaya (discipline)
intensifier	`uyyuñjanti`	`u` + `yuñjanti`	to make intensive effort
	`ubbādhati`	`u` + `bādhati`	(It) stresses out intensely, exhausts
	`ubbādhanaṁ`	`u` + `bādhanaṁ`	such a condition

`du`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
bad, unwholesome, poor in nature	`duccarati`	`du` + `carati`	(He) acts badly or unethically
	`dukkaṭaṁ`	`du` + `kataṁ`	bad deed
	`duggati`	`du` + `gati`	bad destination, bad destiny
ill, inauspicious	`dumaṅgalaṁ`	`du` + `maṅgalaṁ`	inauspiciousness
	`dunnimittaṁ`	`du` + `nimittaṁ`	bad omen
without, lack of	`dubbhikkhaṁ`	`du` + `bhikhaṁ`	without food, famine
	`dussīlo`	`du` + `sīlo`	without morality
	`duppañño`	`du` + `pañño`	without wisdom, ignorant
	`dusassaṁ`	`du` + `sassaṁ`	lack of paddy, having poor crops of rice due to drought or pests etc.
being difficult of	`dukkaraṁ`	`du` + `karaṁ`	hard to do
	`dullabhaṁ`	`du` + `labhaṁ`	hard to get
	`dujjānaṁ`	`du` + `jānaṁ`	hard to know

`saṁ`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
together, in union	`saṁvasati`	`saṁ` + `vasati`	(He) lives together
	`saṁvāso`	`saṁ` + `vāso`	act of being together, co-habitation
	`saṁyujjati`	`saṁ` + `yujjati`	(It) joins together
	`saṁyogo`	`saṁ` + `yogo`	act of joining together
well, unitedly	`saṅgāyati`	`saṁ` + `gāyati`	(He) sings or chants together
	`saṅgīti`	`saṁ` + `gīti`	act of singing together
	`saṅkharoti`	`saṁ` + `karoti`	(He) constructs, prepares
	`saṅkhāro`	`saṁ` + `karo`	such an act or state, i.e. a mental construction
	`saṅgaṇhāti`	`saṁ` + `gaṇhāti`	(He) takes well, such as by means of praise, support etc.
	`saṅgaho`	`saṁ` + `gaho`	such an act
self, oneself	`sambujjhati`	`saṁ` + `bujjhati`	(He) knows by himself (without any outside help)
	`sambuddho`	`saṁ` + `buddho`	the one who knows by himself, i.e. a Buddha
	`sandiṭṭhiko`	`saṁ` + `diṭṭhiko`	seen by oneself
again and again	`sandhāvati`	`saṁ` + `dhāvati`	(It) runs again and again (from one life to another etc)
	`saṁsarati`	`saṁ` + `sarati`	(It) happens again and again
intense, intensifier	`sāratto`	`saṁ` + `ratto`	attached with strong lust or attachment (Note: “saṁ” becomes “sā” here)

`vi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specially	`vipassati`	`vi` + `passati`	(He) sees specially
	`vipassanā`	`vi` + `passanā`	act of seeing in a special way, i.e. insight meditation
transformed	`vikaroti`	`vi` + `karoti`	(He) makes so that it becomes something else
	`vikati`	`vi` + `kati`	such an act, a non-natural state (Compare `pakati` “natural” with `vikati` “non-natural”)
	`vimukho`	`vi` + `mukho`	face being changed, the changed face due to unhappiness or anger etc.
	`vippaṭisāro`	`vi` + `paṭisāro`	thinking with guilt, regret
variously, in different ways	`vimati`	`vi` + `mati`	various thought, different view, doubt
opposite of, against	`vivadati`	`vi` + `vadati`	(He) speaks against, disputes or quarrels
	`vivādo`	`vi` + `vādo`	dispute, bickering, conflicting talk
	`vya’sanaṁ`	`vi` + `asanaṁ`	ruin, loss
without, out	`virajjati`	`vi` + `rajjati`	(He) does not crave, detaches
	`virāgo`	`vi` + `rāgo`	such an act, detachment
being off, separated, being apart	`viyujjati`	`vi` + `yujjati`	(It) does not join, disjoins
	`viyogo`	`vi` + `yogo`	such an act
	`vippayutto`	`vi` + `pa` + `yutto`	disjoined
	`vigacchati`	`vi` + `gacchati`	(It) goes off, disappears
	`vigamo`	`vi` + `gamo`	such an act

`ava`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
down, inside	`avagacchati`, `oggacchati`	`ava` + `gacchati`	(It) goes down
	`avagamanaṁ`, `oggamanaṁ`	`ava` + `gamanaṁ`	such an act
	`avagaṇhāti`, `oggaṇhāti`	`ava` + `gaṇhāti`	(It) submerges, goes down into water etc. or looks into the problem, ponders upon (figuratively used)
	`avagāho`	`ava` + `gāho`	such an act
	`osarati`	`ava` + `sarati`	(He) goes down into water etc.
contemptuously, mean	`avajānāti`	`ava` + `jānāti`	(He) knows contemptuously, looks down
	`avamāno`	`ava` + `māno`	such an act, disdain
	`avaharati`	`ava` + `harati`	(He) takes it in a mean manner, i.e. steals
	`avahāro`	`ava` + `hāro`	such an act, stealing

◊ `anu`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
at every frequency of time, occurring at certain times, repeatedly*	`anumāsaṁ`	`anu` + `māsaṁ`	every month
	`anvaddhamāsaṁ`	`anu` + `addhamāsaṁ`	every half month
	`anudinaṁ`	`anu` + `dinaṁ`	every day
	`anusaṁvaccharaṁ`	`anu` + `saṁvaccharaṁ`	every year
following, after	`anugacchati`	`anu` + `gacchati`	(He) goes following, accompanies
	`anve’ti`	`anu` + `eti`	(same meaning)
	`anugati`	`anu` + `gati`	such an act
	`anujānāti`	`anu` + `jānāti`	(He) knows accordingly as requested, i.e. permits
	`anuññā`	`anu` + `ñā`	permission
	`anuññāto`	`anu` + `ñāto`	allowed, permitted
	`anukūlaṁ`	`anu` + `kūlaṁ`	suitable, appropriate, following the course of a person’s action
again and again, repeatedly	`anuyuñjati`	`anu` + `yuñjati`	(He) engages again and again, i.e. makes repeated effort, interrogates
	`anuyogo`	`anu` + `yogo`	such an act, questioning repeatedly, sustained effort
	`anussarati`	`anu` + `sarati`	(He) remembers repeatedly
	`anumodati`	`anu` + `modati`	(He) rejoices repeatedly
	`anumodanaṁ`, `anumodo`	`anu` + `modati`	such an act
	`anusaṁvaṇṇeti`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇeti`	explains again and again, re-explains
	`anusaṁvaṇṇanā`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇanā`	re-explanation, sub-commentary
behind	`anurathaṁ`	`anu` + `rathaṁ`	behind chariot or vehicle
alongside, in imitation of	`soto nadiṁ anusandati`	`anu` + `sandati`	the current flows along the river
	`bhagavantaṁ anupavajjiṁsu`	`anu` + `pavajjiṁsu`	(Young Sakyan princes too) ordained in imitating the Buddha
	`Sisso ācariyaṁ anugacchati ca anuvattati ca`	`anu` + `gacchati` / `vattati`	The pupil follows teacher and imitates too
inferior or lower in rank, sub-standard	`anutherā`	`anu` + `therā`	those below senior monks, i.e. less-senior monks
	`anunāyakā`	`anu` + `nāyakā`	those below senior leaders, i.e. less-senior leaders
in compliance with, suitable, being appropriate, favourable, agreeable, according to	`anurūpaṁ`	`anu` + `rūpaṁ`	suitable, appropriate (compare `patirūpaṁ` “suitable”)
	`anukūlaṁ`	`anu` + `kūlaṁ`	suitable, agreeable; following (the bank of a river etc. a figurative expression, compare `paṭikūlaṁ` “disagreeable, unlikable” - also a figurative expression)
	`anulomaṁ`	`anu` + `lomaṁ`	in sequential order (“following the hair”, a figurative expression, compare `paṭilomaṁ` “in reverse order”, also a figurative expression)
	`anurujjhati`	`anu` + `rujjhati`	(he) favours, likes
	`anurodho`	`anu` + `rodho`	favour, agreement (compare `virodho` “disfavour, dislike”)
small, in detail	`anubyañjanaṁ`	`anu` + `byañjanaṁ`	small bodily marks or parts and figure
	`anusaṁvaṇṇeti`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇeti`	explains in detail

* (followed by descriptive word of time such as māsa “month”, addhamāsa “half month”, dina “day” or saṁvacchara “year” etc.)

`pari`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
from all around, round and round, being surrounded	`parikkharitvā`	`pari` + `karitvā`	having surrounded
	`parikkhāro`	`pari` + `karo`	accessory, personal effects
	`paribhāsati`	`pari` + `bhāsati`	(He) says condescendingly (as in giving instructions or yelling abusive language)
	`paribhāsā`	`pari` + `bhāsā`	such an act as a directive or a revilement
	`paricchedati`	`pari` + `chedati`	(He) cuts from all around, sets the limits
	`paricchedo`	`pari` + `chedo`	such an act, limitation, section, chapter
	`parikhā`	`pari` + `khā`	moat, dug around the palace premises in ancient times
overall	`parijānāti`	`pari` + `jānāti`	(He) knows overall
	`pariññā`	`pari` + `ñā`	overall knowledge
being dominant	`paribhavati`	`pari` + `bhavati`	(He) is from all around, dominates, bullies
	`Paribhavo`	`pari` + `bhavo`	such an act

◊ `adhi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
up, above, over	`adhivāseti`	`adhi` + `vāseti`	(He) lets it on him, i.e. accepts or enjoys without resisting
	`adhivāsanā`	`adhi` + `vāsanā`	such an act, acceptance of a request or desire etc.
	`adhiṭṭhāti`	`adhi` + `ṭhāti`	(It) firmly stands, i.e. firmly resolves in mind
	`adhiṭṭhānaṁ`	`adhi` + `ṭhānaṁ`	firm mental resolve, strong decision
specially, superior, supreme	`adhisīlaṁ`	`adhi` + `sīlaṁ`	superior Sīla
	`adhirājā`	`adhi` + `rājā`	the supreme king
	`adhidevatā`	`adhi` + `devatā`	the supreme deity
being dominant of, the lord over (usually followed by a noun with the ⑦ ending when it means being “the lord over” as an independently used word)	`Adhi devesu Buddho`	`adhi`	The Buddha is supreme lord of deities
	`adhigaṇhāti`	`adhi` + `gaṇhāti`	(It) takes up all, i.e. exceeds (as a prefix to a verb)
	`adhipati`	`adhi` + `pati`	lord
	`ajjhāvasati`	`adhi` + `ā` + `vasati`	(He) lives as a lord or being dominant, reigns. (as a king or chief authority of a location)
	`ajjhāvāso`	`adhi` + `ā` + `vāso`	such an act
attain, reach	`adhigacchati`	`adhi` + `gacchati`	realises, knows, attains
	`adhigamo`	`adhi` + `gamo`	such an act
deeply	`adhimuccati`	`adhi` + `muccati`	(One) keeps in depth (such as tendencies, thoughts etc.)
	`adhimutti`	`adhi` + `mutti`	such a mental condition, inner tendency or preferences
excessively, very much	`adhimaññati`	`adhi` + `maññati`	(He) thinks highly
	`adhimāno`	`adhi` + `māno`	viewing oneself highly, extreme self-pride, such as thinking oneself that one has attained a higher state of spiritual progress which is not true
with regard to, relating to, in connection with	`adhikicca`	`adhi` + `kicca`	concerning, in respect of

`abhi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specially, being special, distinctive	`abhijānāti`	`abhi` + `jānāti`	(One) knows in a special manner
	`abhiññā`	`abhi` + `ñā`	experiential understanding
	`abhidhammo`	`abhi` + `dhamma`	special Dhamma
beyond	`abhikkamati`	`abhi` + `kamati`	(It) goes beyond, proceeds, pleased
	`abhikkanto`	`abhi` + `kanto`	gone ahead, pleased
very much, predominantly	`abhicchati`	`abhi` + `icchati`	(He) wants it very much
	`abhibhavati`	`abhi` + `bhavati`	(It) dominates
	`abhibhūto`	`abhi` + `bhūto`	being overwhelmed
	`abhirūpo`	`abhi` + `rūpo`	very beautiful
	`abhinandati`	`abhi` + `nandati`	(He) enjoys or likes very much
	`abhiniggaṇhāti`	`abhi` + `ni` + `gaṇhāti`	(It) represses very much, restrains
	`abhijjhā`	`abhi` + `jhā`	looking beyond, i.e. covetousness
towards	`abhimukhaṁ`	`abhi` + `mukhaṁ`	face-ward, toward oneself
opposite, recklessly, wrongly	`abbhācikkhati`	`abhi` + `ācikkhati`	(he) wrongly accuses, says the opposite
up, above, upward	`Abhiruhati`	`abhi` + `ruhati`	(It) climbs up, grows up (as a tree)
	`abhisiñcati`	`abhi` + `siñcati`	(It) pours on, sprinkles on (as on a tree or on the hand or head)
	`abhiseko`	`abhi` + `seko`	such an act of sprinkling, in times of coronation of kings in ancient times, coronation itself is called `abhiseka`

◊ `pati`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
again	`paccāgacchati`	`pati` + `ā` + `gacchati`	(He) comes back, returns
	`paccāgamanaṁ`	`pati` + `ā` + `gamanaṁ`	such an act, coming back (Note: Refer to {19} for Pacca-function)
	`patikaroti`	`pati` + `karoti`	(It) acts back, reacts, cures as with medicine
in response to	`patijānāti`	`pati` + `jānāti`	(He) knows back, admits
	`paṭiññā`	`pati` + `ñā`	such an act, confession, promise
	`pativadati`	`pati` + `vadati`	replies or responds
	`patikaroti`	`pati` + `karoti`	reacts, heals (an offence or a disease), repays a gratitude
	`patisuṇāti`	`pati` + `suṇāti`	listens or responds
	`pativacanaṁ`	`pati` + `vacanaṁ`	reply word, response
instead of, in exchange for*	`telasmā pati ghataṁ dadāti`	`pati`	Instead of sesame oil, (he) gives ghee
	`tilehi pati māse dadāti`	`pati`	Instead of sesame, (he) gives beans
opposite of, against, contrary to	`pativirujjhati`	`pati` + `virujjhati`	(It) counteracts, opposes
	`pativirodho`	`pati` + `virodho`	opposition, disfavour
	`patipakkho`	`pati` + `pakkho`	opposite party
	`patimukhaṁ`	`pati` + `mukhaṁ`	facing against, face to face
	`patisotaṁ`	`pati` + `sotaṁ`	against current, upstream
	`pativātaṁ`	`pati` + `vātaṁ`	against the direction of the wind
	`patikūlaṁ`	`pati` + `kūlaṁ`	disagreeable, unfavourable
back, backward	`patikkamati`	`pati` + `kamati`	(He) moves back, returns
	`patikkante`	`pati` + `kante`	when returned
	`patilomaṁ`	`pati` + `lomaṁ` (“hair”)	backward order, reversely
	`patikkhipati`	`pati` + `khipati`	(He) throws back, rejects
	`patikkhitto`	`pati` + `khitto`	having thrown back, being rejected, given up on
representing, on behalf of*	`Buddhasmā pati sāriputto dhammaṁ deseti`	`pati`	Representing Lord Buddha, Venerable Sāriputta teaches the Dhamma
similar to, an imitation of (a fake), being suitable	`patirūpaṁ`	`pati` + `rūpaṁ`	image, suitable
minor parts or limbs of the body such as fingers etc.	`paccaṅgāni`	`pati` + `aṅgāni`	minor parts of the body
intensifier	`patihaññati`	`pati` + `haññati`	(he) feels hurt, stresses out
	`patigho`	`pati` + `gho`	anger, stress
	`pativijjhati`	`pati` + `vijjhati`	knows penetratingly, sees through

* (usually preceded by a word with the ⑤ ending, used as independent word)

`su`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
well, good	`sucaritaṁ`	`su` + `caritaṁ`	good conduct or action
	`sugandho`	`su` + `gandho`	good smell
	`Sujano`	`su` + `jano`	good person
	`sugati`	`su` + `gati`	good destination
auspicious	`sukhaṇo`	`su` + `khaṇo`	auspicious moment
	`svāgataṁ`	`su` + `ā` + `gataṁ`	auspicious coming, good coming, i.e. Welcome!
being easy of	`sukaraṁ`	`su` + `karaṁ`	easy to do
	`sulabhaṁ`	`su` + `labhaṁ`	easy to obtain
	`sujjānaṁ`	`su` + `jānaṁ`	easy to know
abundance	`subhikkhaṁ`	`su` + `bhikkhaṁ`	abundance of food

◊ `ā`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
till, up to (used as an independent word in a sentence)	`ā bhavaggā`	`ā`	till the uppermost heaven
	`ā Brahmalokā`	`ā`	till the world of Gods
modifier affecting opposite meaning of the root it prefixed, in reverse of	`āgacchati`	`ā` + `gacchati`	(He) comes (compare `gacchati` “(he) goes”)
	`āgamanaṁ`	`ā` + `gamanaṁ`	coming (compare `gamanaṁ` “going”)
	`āyāti`	`ā` + `yāti`	(He) comes (compare `yāti` “(he) goes”)
	`ādāti`	`ā` + `dāti`	(He) takes (compare `dāti` “(he) gives”)
	`ādānaṁ`	`ā` + `dānaṁ`	taking (compare `dānaṁ` “giving”)
	`āneti`	`ā` + `neti`	(He) brings (compare `neti` “(he) carries”)
upward	`āruhati`	`ā` + `ruhati`	(He) climbs up
intensely, firmly, intensifier	`ādānaṁ`	`ā` + `dānaṁ`	intensely grabbing, taking hold
intensely, firmly, intensifier	`āhaññati`	`ā` + `haññati`	(It) hurts intensely
	`āghāto`	`ā` + `ghāto`	hurt feelings, grudge

`ati`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
over, very much, excessively	`aticchati`	`ati` + `icchati`	(He) wants it very much
	`aticchā`	`ati` + `icchā`	such an act
	`atirocati`	`ati` + `rocati`	(It) looks very much beautiful
	`atipaṇītaṁ`	`ati` + `paṇītaṁ`	very noble, the best.
beyond, transgress, across	`atikkamati`	`ati` + `kamati`	(He) moves beyond, transgresses
	`atikkanto`	`ati` + `kanto`	gone beyond
	`accayo`	`ati` + `ayo`	act of going beyond, i.e. offence, fault

◊ `api`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
also, too	`Dhammaṁ api`	`api`	to the Dhamma also
even though, although, even if, despite	`Api dibbesu kāmesu`	`api`	even in divine pleasures he does not enjoy
introducing a question	`Api bhante bhikkhaṁ labhittha?`	`api`	Have you got food, Venerable Sir?
above, cover up, close on (used as prefix)	`pidahati`	`api` + `dahati`	(He) closes, covers (Here, `a` is to be elided always)
	`apidhānaṁ`	`api` + `dhānaṁ`	cover of a pot etc.

◊ `apa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
away from, off	`apakkamati`	`apa` + `kamati`	(He) moves away
	`apagacchati`	`apa` + `gacchati`	(It) moves away, disappears
	`apeti`	`apa` + `i` + `ti`	(same meaning)
do away with, negatively, wrongly	`apavadati`	`apa` + `vadati`	(he) negatively says, rejects
	`apavādo`	`apa` + `vādo`	verbal rejection of something
	`apakaroti`	`apa` + `karoti`	(He) does ungratefully or does away with other’s good deed, ignores good-deed received from friends
	`apakāro`	`apa` + `karo`	improper deed, wrong action, act of ingratitude
	`aparajjhati`	`apa` + `rajjhati`	(He) offends, or sometimes (it) fails to hit the target
	`aparādho`	`apa` + `rādho`	Fault, offence, failure

`upa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
near to, close by, towards	`upanisīdati`	`upa` + `ni` + `sīdati`	(He) sits near
	`upanisinno`	`upa` + `ni` + `sinno`	having sat closely
	`upanagaraṁ`	`upa` + `nagaraṁ`	near the city
	`upagacchati`	`upa` + `gacchati`	approaches, i.e. goes near, toward
	`upapajjati`	`upa` + `pajjati`	closely happens, i.e. conceives or is born
	`Upapatti`	`upa` + `patti`	conception or birth
firmly, intensifier	`upādānaṁ`	`upa` + `ā` + `dānaṁ`	fuel: what is taken up and burns
up, high (as in good-willed act, attaining a high condition etc.)	`upakaroti`	`upa` + `karoti`	highly acts, i.e. helps
	`upakāro`	`upa` + `karo`	such an act, a good-willed help (done usually by parents, good friends etc.)
	`upasampajjati`*	`upa` + `saṁ` + `pajjati`	attains higher state
	`upasampanno`*	`upa` + `saṁ` + `panno`	having attained a higher state
allegation	`upavadati`	`upa` + `vadati`	(He) speaks closely, i.e. accuses
	`upavādo`	`upa` + `vado`	accusation
deputy or assistant or the second in rank, subordinate	`uparājā`	`upa` + `rājā`	the crown prince
	`ppaukkaṭho`	`upa` + `ukkaṭho`	vice-chairman
over, exceeds (usually followed by a word with the ⑦ ending in its context denoting the lesser amount or value)	`Upa khāriyaṁ doṇo`	`upa`	A measure of `doṇa` is in excess of a `khāri`

* (ṁ becomes m as it precedes p)