I: `ākhyāta` (verb endings)

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Part of “A Beginner (Non-Linguist) Guide to Learning Pali”

Kaccāyana’s Ākhyātakappa {406}–{523} is the chapter on verbs: the endings (vibhatti) that mark person, number, tense and mood, the suffixes that stand between root and ending, and the changes the root undergoes. The complete table of the ninety-six endings of the eight tenses and moods {423}–{431}, in both the parassapada (🟢) and the attanopada (🔵), is in the Basics chapter (verb terminations); this appendix gives the suffixes and the rules.

Suffixes between root and ending

suffix	sutta	use	example
kha, cha, sa	{433}, {434}	desire to do (tumicchattha), after tija, gupa, kita, māna, bhuja, ghasa, hara, su, pā and the like	titikkhati (“endures”), bubhukkhati (“wishes to eat”), jigucchati (“is disgusted”)
āya	{435}	behaving like something, after a noun of comparison	samuddāyati (“behaves like the sea”)
īya	{436}, {437}	treating like something; wishing something for oneself	puttīyati (“treats as a son”), pattīyati (“wishes for a bowl”)
ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya	{438}, {439}	the causative (kārita, 🟠): making someone do	kāreti, kārayati, kārāpeti, kārāpayati (“has it done”)
ya	{440}–{444}	the passive (kamma, 🔴) and the impersonal (bhāva)	karīyati, kayirati (“is done”); ṭhīyate (“there is standing”)
a	{445}	the bhū class, active (🟢)	bhavati
a with niggahīta	{446}	the rudha class	rundhati
ya	{447}	the divu class	dibbati
ṇu, ṇā, uṇā	{448}	the su class	suṇoti, suṇāti, pāpuṇāti
nā	{449}	the kī class	kiṇāti, jānāti
ppa, ṇhā	{450}	the gaha class	gheppati, gaṇhāti
o, yira	{451}	the tanu class	tanoti, kayirati
ṇe, ṇaya	{452}	the cura class (also called kārita)	coreti, corayati

The attanopada endings are used in the passive and the impersonal {453} and also in the active {454}; the parassapada endings in the active {456}. The endings come after these suffixes, never directly after the root {455}.

Rules

Each row gives the sutta number {N}, the sutta’s own words, a one-line summary and the example words Kaccāyana cites; after “not” come the counter-examples, where the rule does not apply. The summaries use the book’s symbols: ①–⑦ for the inflection forms, ⨀ singular, ⨂ plural, 🚹🚺🚻 for the genders. The full rules, with the vutti and every derivation, are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/6-akhyatakappa.

Paṭhamakaṇḍa: the endings, the persons, the tenses and moods {406}–{431}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{406}	Atha pubbāni vibhattīnaṁ cha parassapadāni	Now, the first six of the inflections are parassapada
{407}	Parāṇyattanopadāni	The latter [six] are attanopada
{408}	Dve dve paṭhama majjhimuttamapurisā	Two by two: first, middle and highest person
{409}	Sabbesamekābhidhāne paro puriso	When all [persons] are expressed together, the later person	so ca paṭhati, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe paṭhatha, so ca pacati, tvañca pacasi, tumhe pacatha
{410}	Nāmamhi payujjamānepi tulyādhikaraṇe paṭhamo	With a co-referent noun, expressed or not: the first person	na te gacchanti punabbhavaṁ, aggiṁ āharissāmīti gāmaṁ gacchati — not tena haññase tvaṁ devadattena
{411}	Tumhe majjhimo	With tumha: the middle person	not tayā paccate odano
{412}	Amhe uttamo	With amha: the highest person	not mayā ijjate buddho
{413}	Kāle	kāle, “in [the sense of] time”: a governing rule
{414}	Vattamānā paccuppanne	The vattamānā in the present	yo koci avītarāgo taṁ vanasaṇḍaṁ pavisati, aggiṁ āharissāmīti gāmaṁ gacchati
{415}	Āṇatyā siṭṭhe’nuttakāle pañcamī	In command and in a wish or blessing, time unstated: the pañcamī	vacanīyamevāyasmā attānaṁ karotu, sukhī hotu, brāhmaṇa, ambaṭṭho māṇavo
{416}	Anumatiparikappatthesu sattamī	In the senses of permission and supposition: the sattamī	gaccheyyāsi pana tvaṁ, mārisa, tassa bhagavato upaṭṭhānaṁ, na cāpi appiyaṁ tuyhaṁ, kareyyāmi ahaṁ puna
{417}	Apaccakkhe parokkhātīte	In the unwitnessed past: the parokkhā	saccaṁ, bhikkhave, moggallāno āha, āhu sabbagihibandhanacchidaṁ
{418}	Hiyyopabhuti paccakkhe hiyyattanī	From yesterday back, [witnessed or not]: the hiyyattanī	agamā rājagahaṁ buddho, magadhānaṁ giribbajaṁ
{419}	Samīpe’jjatanī	In the near [past]: the ajjatanī	agamī buddhavarassa santikaṁ, agamuṁ satthu dassanaṁ
{420}	Māyoge sabbakāle ca	And with mā, in every time	sabbe bhadrāni passantu, mā kiñci pāpamāgamā
{421}	Anāgate bhavissantī	In the future: the bhavissantī	bhikkhunī ekā gāmantaraṁ gacchissati, moghapuriso sabbamattikāmayaṁ kuṭikaṁ karissati
{422}	Kriyātipanne’tīte kālātipatti	In the past, when the action has lapsed: the kālātipatti	so ce taṁ yānaṁ alabhissā, agacchissā, te ce taṁ yānaṁ alabhissaṁsu, agacchissaṁsu
{423}	Vattamānā ti anti, si tha, mi ma, te ante, se vhe, e mhe	vattamānā: the twelve endings of the present
{424}	Pañcamī tu antu, hitha, mima, taṁ antaṁ, ssu vho, e āmase	pañcamī: the twelve endings of command and of a wish or blessing
{425}	Sattamī eyya eyyuṁ, eyyā si eyyā tha, eyyāmi eyyāma, etha eraṁ, etho eyyāvho, eyyaṁ eyyāmhe	sattamī: the twelve endings of permission and supposition
{426}	Parokkhā au ettha, aṁmha, tthare, ttho vho, iṁ mhe	parokkhā: the twelve endings of the unwitnessed past
{427}	Hiyyattanī āū, ottha, aṁmhā, tthatthuṁ, se vhaṁ, iṁ mhase	hiyyattanī: the twelve endings of the past before today
{428}	Ajjatanī ī uṁ, o ttha, iṁ mhā, ā ū, se vhaṁ, aṁ mhe	ajjatanī: the twelve endings of the near past
{429}	Bhavissantī ssati ssanti, ssasi ssatha, ssāmi ssāma, ssate ssante, ssase ssavhe, ssaṁ ssāmhe	bhavissantī: the twelve endings of the future
{430}	Kālātipatti ssā ssaṁsu, sse ssatha, ssaṁ ssāmhā, ssatha ssisu, ssase ssavhe, ssiṁ ssāmhase	kālātipatti: the twelve endings of the unrealised
{431}	Hiyyattanī sattamī pañcamī vattamānā sabbadhātukaṁ	hiyyattanī, sattamī, pañcamī and vattamānā are sabbadhātuka	agamā rājagahaṁ buddho, no ce sāmaṁ vā gaccheyya, sakāni vā ñātikulāni gacchatu, aggiṁ āharissāmīti gāmaṁ gacchati

Dutiyakaṇḍa: the suffixes, the causative and the passive, the root classes {432}–{457}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{432}	Dhātuliṅgehi parā paccayā	the suffixes come after roots and lemmas: a governing rule	atha kho so guḷo udake pakkhitto cicciṭāyati ciṭiciṭāyati
{433}	Tija gupa kita mānehi kha cha sā vā	optionally kha, cha, sa after tija, gupa, kita, māna	akkosaṁ vadhabandhañca, aduṭṭho yo titikkhati, so tena pāpakena kammena aṭṭīyati harāyati jigucchati, paṭiggaṇhāti vīmaṁsati paccāharati, āpatti saṁghādisesassa — not so tathāgataṁ sakkaroti garuṁ karoti māneti pūjeti
{434}	Bhuja ghasa hara su pādīhi tumicchatthesu	[kha, cha, sa] after bhuja, ghasa, hara, su, pā and the like, in the sense of wishing to	na sussūsati, na sotaṁ odahati
{435}	Āya nāmato kattūpamānādācāre	āya after a noun to which the agent is likened, in the sense of behaving	so habyaseso udake pakkhitto cicciṭāyati ciṭiciṭāyati
{436}	Īyūpamānā ca	and īya after a noun that is a standard of comparison
{437}	Nāmamhā’tticchatthe	[īya] after a noun in the sense of wishing [it] for oneself
{438}	Dhātūhi ṇe ṇaya ṇāpe ṇāpayā kāritāni hetvatthe	the causative suffixes ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpaya after roots, named kārita	kāreyyāti karoti vā kārāpeti vā, mātā rakkhati gopeti issariyaṁ kāreti vasaṁ vatteti, āmāvasesaṁ pāceti
{439}	Dhāturūpe nāmasmā ṇayo ca	and ṇaya after a noun when it is to take the form of a root
{440}	Bhāvakammesu yo	ya [after all roots] in the impersonal and the passive	kassa sāsanamāgamma, labbhate taṁ asokatā
{441}	Tassa cavaggayakāravakārattaṁ sadhātvantassa	that ya, with the root’s final, becomes a c-group letter, y or v	rañño taṁ vuccate aghaṁ, sakammunā haññati pāpadhammo
{442}	Ivaṇṇāgamo vā	optionally an i-vowel is inserted [before ya]	karīyati hidaṁ buddhānaṁ sāsanaṁ
{443}	Pubbarūpañca	and [ya] takes the form of the preceding [consonant]	kāmesu adhipannānaṁ, dissate byasanaṁ bahuṁ
{444}	Tathā kattari ca	likewise in the active too [ya is so replaced]	dhammasmiṁ bhaññamānasmiṁ, atthaṁ bālo na bujjhati, sibbeyyāti sayaṁ sibbati
{445}	Bhūvādito a	a after the bhū class [in the active]	tassa taṁ kathinuddhāro, bhavati nāsanantiko, agārikassa yāguṁ vā bhattaṁ vā khādanīyaṁ vā pacati
{446}	Rudhādito niggahitapubbañca	[a] after the rudha class, with a niggahīta before [the root’s final]; and i, ī, e, o	samaggaṁ saṁghaṁ bhindati, kappaṭṭhikaṁ kibbisaṁ pasavati, kappaṁ nirayamhi paccati
{447}	Divādito yo	ya after the divu class [in the active]	tathāgatappavedito dhammavinayo loke dibbati, muṭṭhīhipi yujjhanti
{448}	Svādito ṇu ṇā uṇā ca	ṇu, ṇā and uṇā after the su class [in the active]	so tattha ṭhito āsavānaṁ khayaṁ pāpuṇāti
{449}	Kiyādito nā	nā after the kī class [in the active]	sabbadānaṁ dhammadānaṁ jināti, dhunāti pāpake dhamme, dumapattaṁva māluto
{450}	Gahādito ppa ṇhā	ppa and ṇhā after the gaha class [in the active]	hatthena gaṇhāti, āpatti pārājikassa
{451}	Tanādito oyirā	o and yira after the tanu class [in the active]	kuṭi kira me kayirati, tesaṁ kayirāhi bhojanaṁ
{452}	Curādito, ṇe ṇayā	ṇe and ṇaya after the cura class [in the active], named kārita	sakko, bhikkhave, devānamindo sahassampi atthānaṁ muhuttena cinteti, api nu so rājabhaṇitaṁ vā bhaṇati rājamantanaṁ vā manteti
{453}	Attanopadāni bhāve ca kammani	the attanopada endings in the impersonal and the passive
{454}	Kattari ca	and [the attanopada endings] in the active	abbudā jāyate pesi, upekkhako sadā sato, na loke maññate samaṁ, kiṁ tuyhaṁ na rocate putta
{455}	Dhātuppaccayehi vibhattiyo	the endings come after the root-suffixes
{456}	Kattari parassapadaṁ	the parassapada endings in the active	ahaṁ karomīti na tena maññati
{457}	Bhūvādayo dhātavo	bhū and the rest are dhātu, roots	sokā na bhavanti tādino

Tatiyakaṇḍa: reduplication (abbhāsa) and the special roots {458}–{481}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{458}	Kvacādivaṇṇānamekassarānaṁ dvebhāvo	Sometimes the root’s first syllable is doubled	akkosaṁ vadhabandhañca, aduṭṭho yo titikkhati, aṭṭīyati harāyati jigucchati, kālena sakkacca dadāti yāguṁ, kusalo ca jahāti pāpakaṁ — not tadāyaṁ pathavī kampati saṅkampati sampakampati, anissito na calati
{459}	Pubbo’bbhāso	The first [of the two] is called abbhāsa	tatthappanādo tumulo babhūva
{460}	Rasso	[The vowel of the abbhāsa is] short	āpadāsu na jahāti
{461}	Dutiyacatutthānaṁ paṭhamatatiyā	Second and fourth [letters in the abbhāsa] become first and third	ajesi yakkho naravīraseṭṭhaṁ, tatthappanādo tumulo babhūva
{462}	Kavaggassa cavaggo	k group [in the abbhāsa] becomes c group	anāpucchā purato caṅkamati vā tiṭṭhati vā nisīdati vā, kaṅkhati vicikicchati nādhimuccati na sampasīdati
{463}	Mānakitānaṁ vatattaṁ vā	Optionally v, t for [the abbhāsa of] māna, kita	paṭiggaṇhāti vīmaṁsati paccāharati, yehi osadhehi so bhagavā devamanusse tikicchati
{464}	Hassa jo	h [in the abbhāsa] becomes j
{465}	Antassivaṇṇākāro vā	The final [vowel of the abbhāsa] optionally becomes an i-vowel or a	so tena pāpakena kammena aṭṭīyati harāyati jigucchati
{466}	Niggahitañca	And [optionally] a niggahīta [at the end of the abbhāsa]	aññataro bhikkhu paṇidhāya caṅkamati … paṇidhāya tiṭṭhati
{467}	Tato pāmānānaṁ vā maṁ sesu	After it, vā, maṁ for pā, māna before sa	paṭiggaṇhāti vīmaṁsati paccāharati, āpatti saṁghādisesassa
{468}	Ṭhā tiṭṭho	[Optionally] tiṭṭha for ṭhā	yo koci viññū dutiyo hoti, tiṭṭhati na nisīdati, tiṭṭhatu bhagavā kappaṁ, tiṭṭhatu sugato kappaṁ, bhedanasaṁvattanikaṁ vā adhikaraṇaṁ samādāya paggayha tiṭṭheyya, dve naḷakalāpiyo aññamaññaṁ nissāya tiṭṭheyyuṁ — not asampajāno mātukucchismiṁ ṭhāti
{469}	Pā pivo	[Optionally] piva for pā	theyyacitto ekena payogena pivati, āpatti pārājikassa, pivatu, bhante, ayyo sāgato kāpotikaṁ pasannaṁ, yo piveyya, yathādhammo kāretabbo, yaṁ amusmiṁ taḷāke manussā vā piveyyuṁ, gopasū vā piveyyuṁ
{470}	Ñāssa jā jaṁ nā	[Optionally] jā, jaṁ, nā for ñā	chandañca ruciñca ādāya voharati jānāti no bhāsati, chaḍḍitāchaḍḍitañca jāneyya, yaṁ jaññā— ‘sakkomi ajjeva gantun’ti, tesaṁ sabhāgadhammānaṁ, nāmamattaṁ na nāyati — not na cekassa bhāsitassa attho viññāyati
{471}	Disassa passa dissa dakkhā vā	Optionally passa, dissa, dakkha for disa	orato ṭhito puriso pārato ṭhitaṁ purisaṁ na passati, corānaṁ niviṭṭhokāso dissati, bhuttokāso dissati, sāvako evarūpaṁ ñassati vā dakkhati vā sakkhiṁ vā karissati — not addasa kho sudinno kalandaputto bhagavantaṁ
{472}	Byañjanantassa co chappaccayesu ca	And a final consonant becomes c before cha	aññataro nāgo nāgayoniyā aṭṭīyati harāyati jigucchati
{473}	Ko khe ca	And k before kha	yadā naṁ maññati bālo, bhayā myāyaṁ titikkhati
{474}	Harassa gīse	gī for hara before sa	pāpakammaṁ jigīsasi, uccāvacehupāyehi, paresamabhijigīsati
{475}	Brūbhūnamāhabhūvā parokkhāyaṁ	āha, bhūva for brū, bhū in the parokkhā	āyasmā upāli evamāha— “anāpatti, āvuso, supinantenā”ti, āhu byañjananimittakovidā
{476}	Gamissanto ccho vā sabbāsu	Optionally ccha for the final of gamu in all [suffixes and inflections]	vāṇijja raṭṭhādhipa gacchamāno, pathe addasāsimhi bhojaputte, bhārukacchaṁ gacchanto antarāmagge āyasmantaṁ upāliṁ passitvā, vesāliṁ agamā muni, agamī buddhavarassa santikaṁ — not “ayyā icchati tekaṭulayāguṁ pātun”ti
{477}	Vacassajjatanimhi makāro o	The a of vaca becomes o in the ajjatanī	“etha bhikkhavo”ti bhagavā avoca, te avocuṁ ‘vijānanti, taṁ atthaṁ sakyabhikkhavo’ — not māyasmā evaṁ avaca
{478}	Akāro dīghaṁ hi mi mesu	a is lengthened before hi, mi, ma	tameva bhagavantaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāhi yamahaṁ saraṇaṁ gato, āgamehi, bhante, yāva gharaṁ gacchāmi, gacchāma, bhagini, gacchāmāyya
{479}	Hi lopaṁ vā	Optionally hi is elided	gaccha, bhante, lomena tvaṁ muttosi, suvīra tattha gacchāhi, mañca tattheva pāpayā
{480}	Hotissarehohe bhavissantimhissassa ca	eha, oha, e for the vowel of hū in the bhavissantī; ssa elided	imaṁ sujāta pūjehi, taṁ te atthāya hehiti, pabbajjā vā hohiti, maraṇaṁ vā me, parivāravā hessati sattumaddano, upatisso kolito ca, aggā hessanti sāvakā — not idheva me maraṇaṁ bhavissati pabbajjā vā
{481}	Karassa sappaccayassa kāho	[Optionally] kāha for kara with its sa [in the bhavissantī]	sā caṇḍī kāhati kodhaṁ, akulaṁ kāhiti khippamattano, kiṁ kāhasi byañjanaṁ bahun”ti, kāhāmi kusalaṁ bahuṁ — not kathañhi nāma so, bhikkhave, moghapuriso sabbamattikāmayaṁ kuṭikaṁ karissati

Catutthakaṇḍa: vuddhi, the changes of roots and endings, the insertions {482}–{523}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{482}	Dādantassaṁ mi mesu	the final of dā becomes aṁ before mi, ma	ahaṁ tesaṁ dammi, sumanā damma te mayaṁ
{483}	Asaṁyogantassa vuddhi kārite	vuddhi of a root not ending in a conjunct, before the causative	mātā rakkhati gopeti issariyaṁ kāreti vasaṁ vatteti, āvāhānipi kārāpeti — not naraṁ upasaṅkamitvā evaṁ cintayati
{484}	Ghaṭādīnaṁ vā	optionally for ghaṭa and the like	byantiṁ karoti anabhāvaṁ gameti, yuñjati ghaṭeti vāyamati
{485}	Aññesu ca	and before the other suffixes
{486}	Guha dusānaṁ dīghaṁ	lengthening for guha, dusa before the causative
{487}	Vaca vasa vahādīnamukāro vassa ye	u for the va of vaca, vasa, vaha etc. before ya	ayaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, puggalo attantapo, nibbānogadhañhi, rādha, brahmacariyaṁ vussati, so tattha anusotampi vuyhati, katamā uccate
{488}	Ha vipariyayo lo vā	h transposed before ya; optionally l for ya	sa ve ghosena vuyhati
{489}	Gahassa ghe ppe	ghe for the whole of gaha before ppa
{490}	Halo po ṇhāmhi	elision of h before ṇhā	hatthena gaṇhāti, āpatti pārājikassa
{491}	Karassa kāsattamajjatanimhi	optionally kāsa for kara in the ajjatanī	nimittampi akāsi, māsu tvaṁ akari pāpaṁ, akaruṁ te ca kañcukaṁ
{492}	Asasmā mimānaṁ mhimhā’ ntalopo ca	after asa, mhi, mha for mi, ma, and elision of the final	ahamamhi kantasallā, āgatā kho mayaṁ, mārisa, amha, sacāhaṁ bālo paraneyyo asmi
{493}	Thassa tthattaṁ	ttha for tha after asa	tumhe khvattha, bhaṇe, mayā diṭṭhadhammike atthe anusāsitā
{494}	Tissa tthittaṁ	tthi for ti after asa	atthi paro loko
{495}	Tussa tthuttaṁ	tthu for tu after asa	namatthu mahāgovindassa brāhmaṇassa, dhī taṁ jammi jare atthu
{496}	Simhi ca	and before si [the final of asa is elided]	vaṇṇavā yasavā sirimā, ko nu tvamasi mārisa
{497}	Labhasmā ī iṁnaṁ ttha tthaṁ	after labha, ttha, tthaṁ for the ajjatanī ī, iṁ	alattha kho sudinno kalandaputto bhagavato santike pabbajjaṁ, upasampadaṁ alatthaṁ
{498}	Kusasmā dī cchi	after kusa, cchi for the ajjatanī ī	akkocchi maṁ avadhi maṁ, ajini maṁ ahāsi me
{499}	Dādhātussa dajjaṁ	optionally dajja for the whole root dā	kiṁ dajjaṁ kenupaṭṭheyyaṁ, sakko ce me varaṁ dajjā, no ce aññassa vā dadeyya, bhayameva dadāmi vo
{500}	Vadassa vajjaṁ	optionally vajja for the whole root vada	na ca, bhikkhave, vutto vajjemīti vattabbo, yena naṁ vajjā na tassa atthi, maṁsaṁ aparibhoganti vadāmi, yo vadeyya, āpatti dukkaṭassa
{501}	Gamissa ghammaṁ	optionally ghamma for the whole root gamu	not tena vāhanena gacchatu, tameva bhagavantaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāhi
{502}	Yamhi dā dhā mā ṭhā hā pā mahamathādīnamī	before ya, ī for the final of dā, dhā, mā, ṭhā, hā, pā, maha, matha etc.	evarūpaṁ bhojanaṁ dīyati, ekā pana gandhārapure mahīyati, na hīyati saccaparakkamo muni, nidhi nāma nidhīyati
{503}	Yajassādissi	i for the initial of yaja before ya	ijjate mayā buddho
{504}	Sabbato uṁ iṁsu	after all roots, uṁ becomes iṁsu	ekāheneva bandhumatiṁ rājadhāniṁ upasaṅkamiṁsu, bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā ekamantaṁ nisīdiṁsu
{505}	Jaramarānaṁ jīra jīyya mīyyā vā	optionally jīra, jīyya for jara and mīyya for mara	kaṇṇo jīrati, appaṁ vata jīvitaṁ idaṁ, oraṁ vassasatāpi miyyati, yo evaṁ marati so dhanaṁ vā labhati, jāyati ca jīyati ca mīyati ca cavati ca upapajjati ca
{506}	Sabbatthā’sassādilopo ca	and the initial of asa is elided everywhere	santi, bhante, samaṇabrāhmaṇā lajjino kukkuccakā sikkhākāmā, sante patirūpe gāhake dātabbaṁ, suddhadiṭṭhi samāno — not nihato tvamasi antakā
{507}	Asabbadhātuke bhū	bhū for asa in the asabbadhātuka	idheva me maraṇaṁ bhavissati pabbajjā vā — not yā tattha devatā āsuṁ, tāsaṁ dakkhiṇamādise
{508}	Eyyassa ñāto iyā ñā	iyā, ñā for eyya after ñā	kaṇhavāranayeneva, sukkavāraṁ vijāniyā, yaṁ jaññā— sakkomi ajjeva gantunti — not chaḍḍitāchaḍḍitañca jāneyya
{509}	Nāssa lopo yakārattaṁ	the nā after ñā is elided, or becomes ya	tesaṁ sabhāgadhammānaṁ, nāmamattaṁ na nāyati
{510}	Lopañcettamakāro	the suffix a is elided, or becomes e	ahaṁ, bhante, tā devatā evaṁ vademi, tīhi kho ahaṁ, jīvaka, ṭhānehi maṁsaṁ aparibhoganti vadāmi
{511}	Uttamokāro	the suffix o becomes u	ubho puññañca pāpañca, yaṁ macco kurute idha
{512}	Karassākāro ca	and the a of kara [becomes u]	evañhi dhīrā kubbanti, nāvakaṅkhanti jīvitaṁ, kuṭi kira me kayirati adesitavatthukā
{513}	O ava sare	a root-final o becomes ava before a vowel	jāyati ca jīyati ca mīyati ca cavati ca upapajjati ca
{514}	E aya	a root-final e becomes aya [before a vowel]	anayaṁ nayati dummedho, adhurāyaṁ niyuñjati — not todeyyo brāhmaṇo iminā nayena neti
{515}	Te āvāyā kārite	those two become āva, āya in the causative
{516}	Ikārāgamo asabbadhātukamhi	the insertion of i in the asabbadhātuka	kilanto addhānaṁ gamissati, tatthevimaṁ paṭinetha, yattha kolaṁ pacissati
{517}	Kvaci dhātuvibhattippaccayānaṁ dīghaviparītādesalopāgamā ca	sometimes lengthening, metathesis, replacement, elision and insertion of roots, endings and suffixes	yo kareyya, āpatti dukkaṭassa, yassa saṁgho kare kammaṁ, etehi tīhi ṭhānehi, gacche devāna santike, api cāpi so purimadisaṁ agacchi
{518}	Attanopadāni parassapadattaṁ	attanopada endings become parassapada	ayaṁ vuccati, bhikkhave, puggalo attantapo, kappaṁ nirayamhi paccati — not kassa sāsanamāgamma, labbhate taṁ asokatā
{519}	Akārāgamo hiyyattanīajjatanīkālātipattīsu	the insertion of a in the hiyyattanī, ajjatanī and kālātipatti	vesāliṁ agamā muni, agamī buddhavarassa santikaṁ — not mā niddāya vasaṁ gamī
{520}	Brūto ī timhi	the insertion of ī after brū before ti	adhiṭṭhānoti tamoti bhagavā bravīti
{521}	Dhātussanto lopo’nekasarassa	the final of a polysyllabic root is elided	yaṁ kālaṁ sarati, taṁ kālaṁ ārocetuṁ — not ādāya cīvaraṁ yāti
{522}	Isuyamūnamanto ccho vā	optionally ccha for the final of isu, yamu	ayyā icchati tekaṭulayāguṁ pātuṁ — not esati paṁsukūlāni, anuruddho anāsavo
{523}	Kāritānaṁ ṇo lopaṁ	the ṇ of the causative suffixes is elided	māturakkhitā nāma mātā rakkhati gopeti issariyaṁ kāreti vasaṁ vatteti, āvāhānipi kārāpeti, vivāhānipi kārāpeti