G: `vibhatti` Rules

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Part of “A Beginner (Non-Linguist) Guide to Learning Pali”

This appendix summarises Kaccāyana’s Nāmakappa {52}–{270}, the chapter that derives the inflected forms of nouns from their lemmas (liṅga). Each row gives the sutta number {N}, the sutta’s own words, a one-line summary and the example words Kaccāyana cites; after “not” come the counter-examples, where the rule does not apply. The summaries use the book’s symbols: ①–⑦ for the inflection forms, ⨀ singular, ⨂ plural, 🚹🚺🚻 for the genders. jha, la, pa, gha and ga are Kaccāyana’s own technical names: jha and la are masculine or neuter lemma-endings in i/ī and u/ū {58}, pa the feminine endings in those vowels {59}, gha the feminine ending ā {60}, and ga the calling form’s si {57}. The full rules, with Kaccāyana’s vutti and the derivation of every form, are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/2-namakappa.

Paṭhamakaṇḍa: definitions and the lemmas in a, i, u, ā {52}–{119}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{52}	Jinavacanayuttaṁ hi	Suitable for the teachings of the Conqueror
{53}	Liṅgañca nippajjate	And lemmas are derived	Eso no satthā, brahmā, attā, sakhā, rājā
{54}	Tato ca vibhattiyo	And their inflections
{55}	Si yo, aṁ yo, nā hi, sa naṁ, smā hi, sa naṁ, smiṁ su	inflection forms
{56}	Tadanuparodhena	Without contradicting them
{57}	Ālapane si ga sañño	for the calling form ⓪ si is called ga
{58}	Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā	jha: i-words, la: u-words
{59}	Te itthikhyā po	Those [sounds] are called pa for feminine words
{60}	Ā gho	gha: feminine ā-words
{61}	Sāgamo se	Before sa inflections: insert s	purisassa, aggissa, daṇḍissa, bhikkhussa — not purisasmiṁ
{62}	Saṁsāsvekavacanesu ca	And in saṁ, sā singular inflections	etissaṁ, etissā, imissaṁ, imissā — not agginā, pāṇinā
{63}	Etimāsami	etā, imā endings become i	etissaṁ, etissā, imissaṁ, imissā — not etāya, imāya
{64}	Tassā vā	Optionally, for tā	tissaṁ, tissā, tassaṁ, tassā
{65}	Tato sassa ssāya	From those, of sa inflections there is ssāya	tissāya, etissāya, imissāya — not tissā, etissā
{66}	Gho rassaṁ	gha becomes short	tassaṁ, tassā, yassaṁ, yassā — not tāsaṁ, sabbāsaṁ
{67}	No ca dvādito naṁmhi	And for [numbers] such as dvi (2) etc. there is n before naṁ inflections	dvinnaṁ, tinnaṁ, catunnaṁ, pañcannaṁ — not sahassānaṁ, dvīsu
{68}	Amā pato smiṁsmānaṁ vā	aṁ, ā from smiṁ, smā [inflections] of pa [words]	matyaṁ, matiyaṁ, matyā, matiyā
{69}	Ādito o ca	And o from ādi	ādiṁ, ādo — not ādismiṁ, ādimhi nāthaṁ namassitvāna
{70}	Jhalānamiyuvā sare vā	Optionally, iya, uva for jha, la before vowel	tiyantaṁ, pacchiyāgāre, aggiyāgāre, bhikkhuvāsane nisīdati — not timalaṁ, tiphalaṁ
{71}	Yavakārā ca	and [jha, la become] y, v before a vowel	agyāgāraṁ, cakkhvāyatanaṁ, svāgataṁ, te mahāvīra
{72}	Pasaññassa ca	And for pa	puthabyā, ratyā, matyā — not puthaviyaṁ
{73}	Gāva se	go to gāva before s	gāvassa
{74}	Yosu ca	And in yo inflections	gāvo gacchanti, gāvo passanti, gāvī gacchanti, gāvī passanti — not gāvena, gāvā
{75}	Avamhi ca	And for aṁ inflections	gāvaṁ, gavaṁ, gavassa, gavo
{76}	Āvassu vā	Optionally, from āva to u	gāvuṁ, gāvaṁ — not gāvo
{77}	Tato namaṁ patimhā lutte ca samāse	From that, naṁ becomes aṁ before pati when inflections are not elided in a compound	gavaṁpati — not gopati, gavaṁ
{78}	O sare ca	And o before vowel	gavassakaṁ, gaveḷakaṁ, gavājinaṁ — not bhuvi, pasavo
{79}	Tabbiparītūpapade byañjane ca	And inverse of that in upapada [auxiliary word] before consonant	uggate sūriye, uggacchati, uggahetvā — not avasāne, avakiraṇe
{80}	Goṇa naṁmhi vā	Optionally, goṇa before naṁ inflections	goṇānaṁ sattannaṁ — not goṇabhūtānaṁ
{81}	Suhināsu ca	And in su, hi, nā [inflections]	goṇesu, goṇehi, goṇebhi, goṇena — not gosu, gohi
{82}	Aṁmo niggahitaṁ jhalapehi	aṁ, ma become ṁ for jha, la, pa	aggiṁ, isiṁ, gahapatiṁ, daṇḍiṁ — not agginā, pāṇinā
{83}	Saralopo’ mādesa paccayādimhi saralope tu pakati	the vowel is elided before aṁ, a replacement or a suffix; but after the elision, the natural state	purisaṁ, purise, pāpaṁ, pāpe — not Appamādo amataṁ padaṁ, amataṁ
{84}	Agho rassamekavacanayosvapi ca	And not gha [vowels become] short in singular yo [inflections] also	itthiṁ, itthiyo, itthiyā, vadhuṁ — not kaññaṁ, kaññāyo
{85}	Na sismimanapuṁsakāni	No [shortening] for non-neuter words before si	itthī, bhikkhunī, vadhū, daṇḍī — not bhoti itthi, bhoti vadhu
{86}	Ubhādito naminnaṁ	ubha etc.: naṁ become innaṁ	ubhinnaṁ, duvinnaṁ — not ubhayesaṁ
{87}	Iṇṇamiṇṇannaṁ tīhi saṅkhyāhi	From the number ti (3) there are iṇṇaṁ and iṇṇannaṁ [replacements]	tiṇṇaṁ, tiṇṇannaṁ — not dvinnaṁ
{88}	Yosu katanikāralopesu dīghaṁ	In yo [inflections] replaced with ni or elided, [end vowel] is lengthened	aggī, bhikkhū, rattī, yāgū — not aggi, bhikkhu
{89}	Sunaṁhisu ca	And in su, naṁ, hi	aggīsu, aggīnaṁ, aggīhi, rattīsu — not agginā, pāṇinā
{90}	Pañcādīnamattaṁ	5 etc. becomes a	pañcasu, pañcannaṁ, pañcahi, chasu — not dvīsu, dvinnaṁ
{91}	Patissinīmhi	For pati with inī	gahapatānī — not gahapati
{92}	Ntussanto yosuca	And the final of ntu before yo and the rest	guṇavantesu, guṇavantānaṁ, guṇavantehi, guṇavantā — not isīnaṁ, guṇavā
{93}	Sabbassa vā aṁsesu	Optionally for all in aṁ, sa	satimaṁ bhikkhuṁ, satimantaṁ bhikkhuṁ, bandhumaṁ rājānaṁ, bandhumantaṁ rājānaṁ — not satimā bhikkhu, bandhumā rājā
{94}	Simhi vā	Optionally in si	himavanto pabbato — not himavā pabbato
{95}	Aggissini	aggi to ini	purato aggini, pacchato aggini, dakkhiṇato aggini, vāmato aggini — not aggi
{96}	Yosvakatarasso jho	For yo, jha non-short becomes a	aggayo, munayo, isayo, gahapatayo — not aggīsu, daṇḍino
{97}	Vevosu lo ca	In ve, vo, la-words too	bhikkhave, bhikkhavo, hetave, hetavo — not sayambhuvo, vessabhuvo
{98}	Mātulādīnamānattamīkāre	mātula etc. endings become āna before ī	mātulānī, ayyakānī, varuṇānī — not bhikkhunī, rājinī
{99}	Smāhismiṁnaṁ mhābhimhi vā	Optionally, smā, hi, smiṁ become mhā, bhi, mhi	purisamhā, purisasmā, purisebhi, purisehi
{100}	Na timehi katākārehi	Not for ta, ima that have become a	asmā, asmiṁ — not tamhā, tamhi
{101}	Suhisvakāro e	In su, hi, a becomes e	sabbesu, yesu, tesu, kesu
{102}	Sabbanāmānaṁ naṁmhi ca	And pronouns in naṁ	sabbesaṁ, sabbesānaṁ, yesaṁ, yesānaṁ — not amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ
{103}	Ato nena	From a, nā becomes ena	sabbena, yena, tena, kena — not muninā, amunā
{104}	So	si to o	sabbo, yo, so, ko — not purisānaṁ, sayambhū
{105}	So vā	Optionally, so	akkharaso, suttaso, padaso, yasaso
{106}	Dīghorehi	With dīgha, ora	dīghaso, oraso, dīghamhā, oramhā — not saramhā, vacanamhā
{107}	Sabbayonīnamāe	For both yo: ā, e	purisā, purise, rūpā, rūpe — not aggayo, munayo
{108}	Smāsmiṁnaṁ vā	Optionally, for smā, smiṁ	purisā, purisasmā, purise, purisasmiṁ — not daṇḍinā, daṇḍismiṁ
{109}	Āya catutthekavacanassatu	āya for ④⨀ inflections	not isissa, purisassa mukhaṁ
{110}	Tayo neva ca sabbanāmehi	And not the 3 [replacements] with pronouns ending in a	sabbasmā, sabbasmiṁ, sabbassa, yasmā — not pāpā, pāpe
{111}	Ghato nādīnaṁ	From gha in nā etc.	not rattiyā, itthiyā
{112}	Pato yā	From pa to yā	rattiyā, itthiyā, deviyā, dhenuyā — not rattī, rattiṁ
{113}	Sakhato gasse vā	Optionally, from sakha in ga	bho sakha, bho sakhā, bho sakhi, bho sakhī
{114}	Ghate ca	And from gha	bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti kharādiye
{115}	Na ammādito	Not for amma etc.	bhoti ammā, bhoti annā, bhoti ambā, bhoti tātā — not bhoti kaññe
{116}	Akatarassā lato yvālapanassa vevo	From la-words not made short, the yo of the calling form ⓪ becomes ve, vo	bhikkhave, bhikkhavo, hetave, hetavo — not sayambhuvo, nāgiyo
{117}	Jhalato sassano vā	jha, la: sa to no	aggino, aggissa, sakhino, sakhissa — not isinā, bhikkhunā
{118}	Ghapato ca yonaṁ lopo	And gha, pa: elision of yo	kaññā, kaññāyo, rattī, rattiyo
{119}	Lato vokāro ca	And from la: becomes vo	bhikkhavo, bhikkhū, sayambhuvo, sayambhū — not jantuno

Dutiyakaṇḍa: ntu, tumha and amha, the numerals, rāja and the rest {120}–{160}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{120}	Amhassa mamaṁ savibhattissa se	For amha to mamaṁ in sa inflections
{121}	Mayaṁ yomhi paṭhame	mayaṁ before yo of the first form	mayaṁ gacchāma, mayaṁ dema — not purisā tiṭṭhanti, ahaṁ gacchāmi
{122}	Ntussa nto	ntu becomes nto before yo of the first form	guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti — not sabbe sattā gacchanti, guṇavante passanti janā
{123}	Ntassa se vā	Optionally ntassa for ntu before sa	sīlavantassa jhāyino, sīlavato jhāyino — not sīlavā tiṭṭhati
{124}	Ā simhi	ā for ntu before si	sīlavā hoti, kāme pahāya satimā sampajāno, guṇavā, paññavā — not puriso tiṭṭhati, sīlavanto tiṭṭhanti
{125}	Aṁ napuṁsake	aṁ for ntu before si in the neuter	guṇavaṁ cittaṁ tiṭṭhati, rucimaṁ pupphaṁ virocati — not vaṇṇavantaṁ agandhakaṁ virūḷhapupphaṁ passasi tvaṁ, yathāpi ruciraṁ pupphaṁ, vaṇṇavantaṁ agandhakaṁ
{126}	Avaṇṇā ca ge	aṁ, a, ā for ntu before ga	bho guṇavaṁ, bho guṇava, bho guṇavā
{127}	To titā sasmiṁnāsu	to, ti, tā for ntu before sa, smiṁ, nā	satimato vipassissa, guṇavato, guṇavantassa, guṇavati — not guṇavā, satimā
{128}	Naṁmhi taṁ vā	Optionally taṁ for ntu before naṁ	dassanakāmo sīlavataṁ, guṇavataṁ, guṇavantānaṁ, satimataṁ — not guṇavanto tiṭṭhanti, satimanto tiṭṭhanti
{129}	Imassidamaṁsisu napuṁsake	idaṁ for neuter ima before aṁ, si	idaṁ cittaṁ passasi, idaṁ cittaṁ tiṭṭhati, imaṁ cittaṁ passasi, imaṁ cittaṁ tiṭṭhati — not imaṁ purisaṁ passasi, ayaṁ puriso tiṭṭhati
{130}	Amussāduṁ	aduṁ for neuter amu before aṁ, si	aduṁ pupphaṁ passasi, aduṁ pupphaṁ virocati, aduṁ cassa hoti tapassitāya — not amuṁ rājānaṁ passasi, asu rājā tiṭṭhati
{131}	Itthipumanapuṁsakasaṅkhyaṁ	A numeral in the feminine, masculine and neuter: a governing heading
{132}	Yosu dvinnaṁ dve ca	dve for dvi before yo; and duve, dvaya, ubha, ubhaya, duvi	dve itthiyo dvinnaṁ itthīnaṁ, dve itthiyo, dve dhammā, dve rūpāni — not dvīsu
{133}	Ti catunnaṁ tisso catasso tayo cattāro tīṇi cattāri	forms of ti, catu before yo, by gender	tisso vedanā, cattāri ariyasaccāni, catasso disā, tayo janā — not tīsu, catūsu
{134}	Pañcādīnamakāro	final of pañca etc. with yo becomes a	pañca dhammā sammadakkhātā, pañca, cha, satta — not dve, tayo
{135}	Rājassa rañño rājino se	rañño, rājino for rāja before sa	rañño māgadhassa seniyassa bimbisārassa nivesanaṁ, pacārā tassa rājino, rañño, rājino — not raññā
{136}	Raññaṁ naṁ mhi vā	Optionally raññaṁ for rāja before naṁ	raññaṁ idaṁ raṭṭhaṁ, rājūnaṁ idaṁ raṭṭhaṁ, raññaṁ, rājamahāmattānaṁ, khattiyānaṁ, brāhmaṇānaṁ, rājūnaṁ ādinnadaṇḍānaṁ ādinnasatthānaṁ
{137}	Nāmhi raññā vā	Optionally raññā for rāja before nā	tena raññā kataṁ, rājena vā kataṁ, na dāni tena raññā ciraṁ jīvitabbaṁ hoti — not rañño santakaṁ
{138}	Smiṁmhi raññe rājini	raññe, rājini for rāja before smiṁ	raññe sīlaṁ tiṭṭhati, rājini sīlaṁ tiṭṭhati, acchariyā abbhutā dhammā raññe cakkavattimhi
{139}	Tumhamhākaṁ tayi mayi	tayi, mayi for tumha, amha before smiṁ	tayi gedhitacittosmi, atthi ca ete dhammā mayi, tayi, mayi — not tvaṁ bhavasi, ahaṁ bhavāmi
{140}	Tvamahaṁ simhi ca	tvaṁ, ahaṁ for tumha, amha before si; and tuvaṁ	tvaṁ, ahaṁ — not tayi, mayi
{141}	Tava mama se	tava, mama for tumha, amha before sa	brahmacariyaṁ carissāma, bhagavā tava santike, idha, aggivessana, mama sāvako, tava, mama — not tayi, mayi
{142}	Tuyhaṁ mayhañca	And tuyhaṁ, mayhaṁ for tumha, amha before sa	tuyhaṁ dhanaṁ dīyate, mayhaṁ dhanaṁ dīyate, natthi tuyhaṁ sugati, āma, mayhaṁ kammaṁ — not tayā, mayā
{143}	Taṁ mamaṁmhi	taṁ, maṁ before aṁ	taṁ, maṁ — not janinda nāññatra tayā mayā vā, tayā
{144}	Tavaṁ mamañca navā	tavaṁ, mamaṁ too, in some places	caturaṅginiṁ senaṁ sannayhitvā mamaṁ abbhuyyāto, tavaṁ ārādhayitvāna jātiyā parimuccare, tavaṁ passati, mamaṁ passati — not taṁ passati, maṁ passati
{145}	Nāmhi tayā mayā	tayā, mayā before nā	sace tayā kataṁ, ekaṁ leṇaṁ mayā kataṁ, tayā kataṁ, mayā kataṁ — not tumhehi, amhehi
{146}	Tumhassa tuvaṁ tvamaṁmhi	tuvaṁ, tvaṁ for tumha before aṁ	kaliṅgarassa tuvaṁ maññe, kaṭṭhassa tvaṁ maññe
{147}	Padato dutiyā catutthī chaṭṭhīsu vo no	after a word, vo, no in the plural of ②, ④, ⑥	pahāya vo gamissāmi, mā no ajja vikantiṁsu, rañño sūdā mahānase, dhammaṁ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmi, saṁvibhajetha no rajjena — not yo amhākaṁ satthā, eso amhākaṁ satthā
{148}	Temekavacanesu ca	and te, me in the singular [of ④ and ⑥]	dadāmi te gāmavarāni pañca, idaṁ te raṭṭhaṁ sadhanaṁ sayoggaṁ, dadāhi me gāmavaraṁ, idaṁ te raṭṭhaṁ — not tava ñāti, mama ñāti
{149}	Na aṁmhi	not before aṁ	passeyya taṁ vassasataṁ arogaṁ, passāsi maṁ vassasataṁ arogaṁ, so maṁ bravīti
{150}	Vā tatiye ca	and optionally in the third [singular]	kataṁ me saraṇamattano, kataṁ te pāpaṁ, kataṁ me pāpaṁ, kataṁ tayā pāpaṁ — not tayā kataṁ, mayā kataṁ
{151}	Bahuvacanesu vo no	vo, no in the plural [of the third]	kataṁ vo kammaṁ, kataṁ no kammaṁ, gāmaṁ vo gaccheyyātha — not tumhehi kataṁ, amhehi kataṁ
{152}	Pumantassā simhi	ā for the final of puma before si	nevitthī na pumā āsiṁ, pumā tiṭṭhati, idaṁ vatvāna maghavā devarājā sujampati — not pumāno tiṭṭhanti
{153}	Amālapanekavacane	aṁ in the calling form ⓪ singular	he pumaṁ — not pumā, he pumāno
{154}	Samāse ca vibhāsā	and optionally in a compound	itthipumannapuṁsakāni, itthipumannapuṁsakasamūho — not itthipumanapuṁsakāni
{155}	Yosvāno	āno before yo	pumāno, he pumāno — not pumā
{156}	Āne smiṁmhi vā	optionally āne before smiṁ	pumāne, pume
{157}	Hivibhattimhi ca	and before the hi inflection	pumānehi, pumānebhi
{158}	Susmimā vā	optionally ā before su	pumāsu, pumesu
{159}	Unāmhi ca	and u before nā	labbhā hi pumunā idaṁ, pumānā, pumunā, pumena
{160}	A kammantassa ca	and a for the final of kamma [before nā]	kammunā vasalo hoti, kammunā hoti brāhmaṇo, ñatticatutthena kammena, kammunā, kammanā

Tatiyakaṇḍa: the pronouns, the mano group, satthu and pitu {161}–{210}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{161}	Tumhamhehi namākaṁ	ākaṁ for naṁ after tumha, amha	yo amhākaṁ satthā, tumhākaṁ, amhākaṁ — not tumhehi, amhehi
{162}	Vā yvappaṭhamo	Optionally ākaṁ for the yo that is not first	tumhākaṁ passāmi, tumhe passāmi, amhākaṁ passasi, amhe passasi — not gacchatha tumhe, gacchāma mayaṁ
{163}	Sassaṁ	aṁ for sa [after tumha, amha]	tumhaṁ yevassa tena antarāyo, tumhaṁ dīyate, tava dīyate, tumhaṁ pariggaho — not tumhesu, amhesu
{164}	Sabbanāmakārate paṭhamo	e for the first yo after a pronoun in a	sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā, sabbe, ye, te — not amū purisā tiṭṭhanti, devā
{165}	Dvandaṭṭhā vā	Optionally [e] after [a pronoun] standing in a dvanda	katarakatame, katarakatamā — not devāsuranāgagandhabbamanussā, te
{166}	Nāññaṁ sabbanāmikaṁ	No other pronominal operation [in a dvanda]	pubbāparānaṁ, pubbuttarānaṁ, adharuttarānaṁ
{167}	Bahubbīhimhi ca	And in a bahubbīhi	piyapubbāya, piyapubbānaṁ, piyapubbe, piyapubbassa — not dakkhiṇapubbassaṁ, dakkhiṇapubbassā
{168}	Sabbato naṁ saṁ sānaṁ	saṁ, sānaṁ for naṁ after any pronoun	tesaṁ vūpasamo sukho, tāsaṁ itthīnaṁ, amūsaṁ bhedāya, sabbesaṁ — not sabbassa, yassa
{169}	Rājassa rāju sunaṁhisu ca	rāju for rāja before su, naṁ, hi	rājūnaṁ ādinnadaṇḍānaṁ ādinnasatthānaṁ, rājūhi vā corehi vā, rājūsu, rājūnaṁ — not rājā, rājesu
{170}	Sabbassimasse vā	Optionally e for the whole of ima [before su, naṁ, hi]	esu, imesu, esaṁ, imesaṁ — not etesu, etesaṁ
{171}	Animi nāmhi ca	ana, imi for ima before nā	anena dhammadānena, sukhitā hotu sā pajā, iminā buddhapūjena, patvāna amataṁ padaṁ, anena, iminā — not imesu, imesaṁ
{172}	Anapuṁsakassā yaṁ simhī	ayaṁ for the non-neuter [ima] before si	pariyuṭṭhito ayaṁ puriso, ayaṁ puriso, ayaṁ itthī — not pubbe kho me idaṁ cittaṁ parittaṁ ahosi, imaṁ purisaṁ passasi tvaṁ
{173}	Amussa mo saṁ	s for the m of amu [before si]	asu amutra upapanno, asu rājā, asu itthī, amuko rājā — not aduṁ pupphaṁ virocati, amuṁ purisaṁ passasi
{174}	Etatesaṁ to	s for the t of eta, ta [before si]	atha kho sā itthī sallakkhetvā, eso puriso, esā itthī, so puriso — not itaro puriso, itarā itthī
{175}	Tassa vā nattaṁ sabbattha	Optionally n for the t of ta everywhere	tato naṁ dukkhamanveti, detha nesaṁ cīvarānī, nāya, tāya
{176}	Sasmāsmiṁsaṁsāsvattaṁ	a [for ta] before sa, smā, smiṁ, saṁ, sā	na cassa hoti āpatti, assa, tassa, asmā — not amussaṁ, amussā
{177}	Imasaddassa ca	And for the word ima	asmiṁ loke paramhi ca, asmā lokā paramhā ca, assa, imassa — not etissaṁ, etissā
{178}	Sabbato ko	Optionally ka after any pronoun [before si]	asuko bhikkhu paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhī, sabbako, yako, sako — not sabbo, yo
{179}	Ghapato smiṁ sānaṁ saṁsā	saṁ, sā for smiṁ, sa after gha, pa pronouns	imissā makkaṭiyā, amussā itthiyā sāratto, sabbassaṁ, sabbassā — not itthiyaṁ, itthiyā
{180}	Netāhi smimāya yā	No āya, yā for smiṁ after these	imissaṁ parisāyaṁ, etissaṁ, etāyaṁ, imissaṁ — not tāya itthiyā mukhaṁ, kaññāya
{181}	Manogaṇādito smiṁnānamiā	i, ā for smiṁ, nā after the mano-group	sādhukaṁ manasi karotha, manasā ce paduṭṭhena, paṭhamena vayasā, uttamaṅge sirasmiṁ — not mano, siro
{182}	Sassa co	o for sa [after the mano-group]	manaso piyā hadayagāminiyo, thāmaso parāmāso na hoti, manaso, thāmaso
{183}	Etesamo lope	o for the final of these when the inflection is elided	manomayaṁ kāyaṁ upapanno, tejosamena cetasā viharāmi, kena tapoguṇena, manomayaṁ — not āposamena cetasā viharāmi, āposamena
{184}	Sa sare vāgamo	Optionally s inserted before a vowel	vacasā paricitā manasā anupekkhitā, manasā, vacasā, manasi — not dibbena sukhena dibbena yasena, manena
{185}	Santasaddassa so bhe bo cante	sa for santa before bh, with b inserted	sabbhireva samāsetha, sabbhi kubbetha santhavaṁ; sataṁ saddhammamaññāya, seyyo hoti na pāpiyo, jīranti ve rājarathā sucittā, atho sarīrampi jaraṁ upeti; satañca dhammo na jaraṁ upeti, santo have sabbhi pavedayanti, sabbhi, sabbhūto — not santehi pūjito bhagavā, santo santehi saha purāṇajaṭilehi
{186}	Simhigacchantādīnaṁ ntasaddo aṁ	nta of gacchanta and the like becomes aṁ before si	gacchaṁ vadesi samaṇa ṭhitomhi, carañce nādhigaccheyya, seyyaṁ sadisamattano, khādaṁ nāgassa maṁsāni, pivaṁ bhāgīrathodakaṁ, gacchaṁ — not danto seṭṭho manussesu, anto
{187}	Sesesu ntuva	in the remaining [inflections], like ntu	evarūpe te mahārāja mahati mahabbhaye samuppanne, paradāraṁ gacchato, gacchato, mahato — not gacchaṁ, mahaṁ
{188}	Brahmatta sakha rājādito amānaṁ	ānaṁ for aṁ after brahma, atta, sakha, rāja and the like	attānaṁ upamaṁ katvā, na haneyya na ghātaye, rājānaṁ māgadhaṁ seniyaṁ bimbisāraṁ etadavoca, kiñci attaṁ vā attaniyaṁ vā samanupassatī, brahmānaṁ — not rājā
{189}	Syā ca	and ā for si	attā hi attano nātho, yo ca atthesu jātesu, sahāyo hoti so sakhā, brahmā, attā
{190}	Yonamāno	āno for yo	mayaṁ kho bhante rājāno nāma bahukiccā bahukaraṇīyā, addasā kho so brahmā te brahmāno dūratova āgacchante, brahmāno, attāno
{191}	Sakhato cāyo no	and after sakha, āyo and no	ñātī suhajje sakhino samānayi, sakhāyo, sakhino — not sakhā
{192}	Smime	e for smiṁ	sakhe
{193}	Brahmato gassa ca	and e for ga after brahma	mayhampi kho brahme etadahosi, he brahme
{194}	Sakhantassi no nā naṁ sesu	i for the final of sakha before no, nā, naṁ, sa	kataṁ anariyaṁ sākhena, sakhinā te janādhipa, yo ñātīnaṁ sakhīnaṁ vā, dāresu paṭidissati, sakhino, sakhinā — not sakhārehi
{195}	Āro himhi vā	optionally āra before hi	sakhārehi, sakhehi
{196}	Sunamaṁsu vā	optionally [āra] before su, naṁ, aṁ	sakhā sakhāraṁ paritāyamāno, sakhāresu, sakhesu, sakhārānaṁ
{197}	Brahmato tu smiṁ ni	but after brahma, ni for smiṁ	brahmani, anujānāmi bhikkhave muddhani, kammani
{198}	Uttaṁ sanāsu	u before sa, nā	atha kho brahmuno sahampatissa, mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā, brahmuno, brahmunā — not brahmā
{199}	Satthupitādīnamā sismiṁ silopo ca	ā for the final of satthu, pitu and the like before si, and si elided	satthā devamanussānaṁ buddho bhagavā, satthā, pitā, mātā — not mātuyā ca pitussa ca, satthussa
{200}	Aññesvārattaṁ	āra in the other inflections	mātaraṁ pitaraṁ hantvā, pacchā kicce samuppanne, kattāraṁ nādhigacchatī, satthāraṁ, pitaraṁ — not satthā, pitā
{201}	Vā naṁmhi	optionally [āra] before naṁ	imesaṁ mahānāma tiṇṇaṁ satthārānaṁ ekā niṭṭhā udāhu puthu niṭṭhā, satthārānaṁ, pitarānaṁ, mātarānaṁ — not dassāmi dānaṁ pitūnaṁ pitāmahānaṁ, satthānaṁ
{202}	Satthunattañca	and a for the final of satthu [before naṁ]	satthānaṁ, pitānaṁ, mātānaṁ, bhātānaṁ — not satthārānaṁ, pitarānaṁ
{203}	Usasmiṁ salopo ca	u before sa, and sa elided	agamuṁ satthu dassanaṁ, ko nu kho bhante ānanda pituno dāyajjo, satthussa sāsanenāpi, satthu dīyate
{204}	Sakkamandhātādīnañca	and for sakkamandhātu and the like	sakkamandhātu iva assa rājino vibhavo, sabbeva dāsā mandhātu, ye pāṇā pathavissitā, sakkamandhātu, kattu
{205}	Tato yonamo tu	after that, o for yo; and elsewhere too	pañcime moggallāna satthāro santo saṁvijjamānā lokasmiṁ, akhīṇeva kamme pitaro ca pitāmahā ca kālaṅkatā, satthāro, pitaro
{206}	Tato smimi	after that, i for smiṁ	satthari anupāhane caṅkamamāne, mātupi puttamhi puttassapi mātari, satthari, pitari
{207}	Nā ā	ā for nā	satthārā vā satthāraṁ saṁghena vā saṁghaṁ, bhātāpi bhātarā vivadati, satthārā, pitarā
{208}	Āro rassamikāre	āra shortened before i	pitupi puttamhi puttassapi pitari, satthari, pitari, mātari
{209}	Pitādīnamasimhi	for pitu and the like, before any inflection but si	puttopi mātarā vivadati, tisso ca dhītaro, pitarā, mātarā
{210}	Tayātayīnaṁ takāro tvattaṁ vā	optionally tv for the t of tayā, tayi	āṇatto ahaṁ tayā, tayi gedhitacittosmi, cittaṁ vipariṇāmitaṁ, tvayā, tayā — not mā kho paṭighaṁ janayi, sace anuvijjako tuvaṁ, tuvaṁ

Catutthakaṇḍa: atta, brahma, sakha, puma, the feminine suffixes, nta {211}–{246}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{211}	Attanto hismimanattaṁ	atta final becomes ana before hi	attanehi, attanebhi — not rājehi, rājebhi
{212}	Tato smiṁ ni	after atta, smiṁ becomes ni	attani kusalaṁ dhammaṁ, attani
{213}	Sassa no	after atta, sa becomes no	attano ca parassa ca, attano
{214}	Smā nā	after atta, smā becomes nā	attanā paribhuñji, attanā
{215}	Jhalato ca	and after jha, la: smā becomes nā	agginā vā daḍḍhaṁ hoti, agginā, daṇḍinā, bhikkhunā — not ahiṁsakā ye munayo, aggayo
{216}	Ghapato smiṁ yaṁ vā	optionally, after gha, pa: smiṁ becomes yaṁ	bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati, bhagavā nāḷandāyaṁ viharati, kaññāyaṁ, kaññāya
{217}	Yonaṁ ni napuṁsakehi	yo becomes ni after neuters	kāpotakāni aṭṭhīni bhavanti, aṭṭhīni, aṭṭhī, āyūni — not tisso itthiyo, itthiyo
{218}	Ato niccaṁ	always, after neuter a	cattārimāni, bhikkhave, bhayāni, kāni kammāni brūhayaṁ, yāni, tāni
{219}	Siṁ	neuter si becomes aṁ	sabbaṁ, bhikkhave, ādittaṁ, sabbaṁ, yaṁ, taṁ
{220}	Sesato lopaṁ gasipi	after the rest, ga and si too are elided	yena sā itthī tenupasaṅkami, bhoti itthi, sā itthī, bho daṇḍi — not satthussa sāsanenāpi, puriso gacchati
{221}	Sabbāsamāvuso pasagganipātādīhi ca	all [inflections elided] after āvuso, prefixes, particles	tvaṁ panāvuso gotama, tumhe panāvuso, padaso dhammaṁ vāceyya, vihāraṁ sve upagaccheyya
{222}	Pumassa liṅgādīsu samāsesu	final of puma elided before liṅga etc. in compounds	pulliṅgaṁ, pumbhāvo, puṅkokilo — not itthiyā ca itthiliṅgaṁ pāturahosi purisassa ca purisaliṅgaṁ, pumassa liṅgaṁ
{223}	Aṁ yamīto pasaññato	aṁ becomes yaṁ after feminine ī	taṁ itthiṁ etadavoca, itthiyaṁ, itthiṁ — not itthīhi sikkheyyāma, daṇḍinaṁ
{224}	Naṁ jhato katarassā	aṁ becomes naṁ after a shortened jha	nāhaṁ bhāyāmi bhoginaṁ, daṇḍinaṁ, bhoginaṁ — not vessabhuṁ vijitāvinaṁ, vātā kucchiṁ parikantanti
{225}	Yonaṁ no	yo becomes no [after a shortened jha]	bhogino bhogāni bhuñjanti, daṇḍino, bhogino, he daṇḍino — not sayambhuno pañcasatā, aggayo
{226}	Smiṁni	smiṁ becomes ni [after a shortened jha]	daṇḍini, bhogini — not byādhimhi uppajjantepi, byādhimhi
{227}	Kissa ka ve ca	kiṁ becomes ka before va, and elsewhere	kva gatosi tvaṁ devānaṁpiyatissa, tvaṁ pana, bhante, kva ahosi, ko taṁ ninditumarahati, kathaṁ bodhayituṁ dhammaṁ — not kuto āgatosi tvaṁ, kuto imesaṁ sāmaññaṁ
{228}	Ku hiṁhaṁsu ca	kiṁ becomes ku before hiṁ, haṁ	kuhiṁ gacchasi, kuhaṁ gacchasi, rattiṁ kuhiṁ gacchasi
{229}	Sesesu ca	and ka before the remaining [inflections and suffixes]	ko pakāro kathaṁ, kaṁ pakāraṁ kathaṁ, kathaṁ nu kho amhehi paṭipajjitabbaṁ
{230}	Tra to thesu ca	And [ku] before tra, to, tha	kuto imesaṁ sāmaññaṁ, kutra, kuto, kuttha
{231}	Sabbassetassākāro vā	Optionally the whole of eta becomes a	ato kho te, kaccāna, bahū hi bahutarā devā, ato, attha, etto
{232}	Tre niccaṁ	Always before tra	atra paviṭṭhassa suṅkaṁ gaṇhantu, atra
{233}	E tothesu ca	And [optionally] e before to, tha	ādīnavo ettha bhiyyo, etto, ato, ettha
{234}	Imassi thaṁ dāni ha to dhesu ca	i for ima before thaṁ, dāni, ha, to, dha	ito gaṇhanto pārājiko bhavissāmi, itthaṁ, idāni, iha
{235}	A dhunāmhi ca	a [for ima] before dhunā	adhunā kālaṅkato, adhunā
{236}	Eta rahimhi	eta [for ima] before rahi	etarahi kho vajjī dubbhikkhā, etarahi
{237}	Itthīyamato āpaccayo	In the feminine, the suffix ā after a	athassa kaṅkhā vapayanti sabbā, katarā ca sā vedanā, sabbā, yā
{238}	Nadādito vā ī	ī after nadī and the like, and optionally after others	yena vaggumudā nadī tenupasaṅkami, sakhī te, samma, gabbhinī, nadī, mahī
{239}	Ṇava ṇika ṇeyya ṇa ntuhi	ī after ṇava, ṇika, ṇeyya, ṇa and ntu	mahāpajāpati gotamī yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami, māṇavī, paṇḍavī, nāvikī
{240}	Pati bhikkhurājīkārantehi inī	inī after pati, bhikkhu, rāja and lemmas in ī	gahapatānī nāma yā kāci agāraṁ ajjhāvasati, gahapatānī, bhikkhunī, rājinī
{241}	Ntussa tamīkāre	[Optionally] ta for ntu before ī	sīlavatī guṇavatī yasavatī ca, satimatī cakkhumatī, bhikkhunī bhāvitindriyā, guṇavatī, guṇavantī
{242}	Bhavato bhoto	bhota for bhavanta before the feminine ī	yamidaṁ, bhoti, dhanaṁ vā dhaññaṁ vā, bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti kharādiye
{243}	Bho ge tu	bho [for bhavanta] before ga; and further forms	ehi tvaṁ, bho purisa, bho purisa, bho aggi, bho rāja — not katāvakāso khomhi bhavatā samaṇena gotamena, arasarūpo bhavaṁ gotamo
{244}	Akārapitādyantānamā	ā for a final a and for the final of pitu and the like [before ga]	bho purisā, bho rājā, bho pitā, bho mātā
{245}	Jhalapā rassaṁ	jha, la, pa [finals] are shortened [before ga]	pitu me, bhoti, dāyajjaṁ niyyādehi, bho daṇḍi, bho sayambhu, bhoti itthi
{246}	Ākāro vā	Optionally, ā [is shortened before ga]	bho rāja, bho rājā, bho atta, bho attā

Pañcamakaṇḍa: the adverbial suffixes to, tra, tha, dā, dhi and the rest {247}–{270}

sutta	rule	summary	examples
{247}	Tvādayo vibhattisaññāyo	to and the rest are named vibhatti	sabbato, yato, tato, kuto
{248}	Kvaci to pañcamyatthe	Sometimes to in the sense of the fifth form	viññāṇaṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ, sabbato, yato, tato — not sabbasmā, imasmā
{249}	Tratha sattamiyā sabbanāmehi	tra, tha after pronouns in the sense of the seventh form	tatra sudaṁ āyasmā sudinno vesāliyaṁ viharati, sabbatra, sabbattha, yatra
{250}	Sabbato dhi	dhi after sabba, sometimes	sucetaso sabbadhi vippamutto, sabbadhi — not sabbasmiṁ
{251}	Kiṁ smā vo	va after kiṁ	kva gatosi tvaṁ devānaṁpiyatissa, tvaṁ pana, bhante, kva ahosi
{252}	Hiṁhaṁhiñcanaṁ	hiṁ, haṁ, hiñcanaṁ after kiṁ	rattiṁ kuhiṁ gacchasi kissa hetu, kuhiṁ, kuhaṁ, kuhiñcanaṁ
{253}	Tamhā ca	And after ta: hiṁ, haṁ	santhatāni tahaṁ tahaṁ ujjhitāni, tahiṁ, tahaṁ
{254}	Imasmā hadhā ca	And after ima: ha, dha	idha, bhikkhave, ekacco puggalo acelako hoti, iha, idha
{255}	Yato hiṁ	hiṁ after ya	yattha vā brahmā yena vā brahmā yahiṁ vā brahmā, yahiṁ
{256}	Kāle	kāle “in the sense of time”: a governing heading
{257}	Kiṁsabbaññekayakuhi dādācanaṁ	dā, dācanaṁ after kiṁ, sabba, añña, eka, ya, ku	kadā te adhigataṁ, sabbadā ve sukhaṁ seti, brāhmaṇo parinibbuto, manāpameva bhāseyya, nāmanāpaṁ kudācanaṁ, kadā
{258}	Tamhā dāni ca	And after ta: dāni, dā	yadā sakkosi tadā, tadāni, tadā
{259}	Imasmā rahidhunādāni ca	And after ima: rahi, dhunā, dāni	etarahi kho vajjī dubbhikkhā, adhunā kālaṅkato, etarahi, adhunā
{260}	Sabbassa so dāmhi vā	Optionally sa for sabba before dā	upasantassa sadā satīmato, sadā, sabbadā
{261}	Avaṇṇo ye lopañca	a/ā elided before the suffix ya	kiṁ paṇḍiccaṁ karissati, vuḍḍhiṁ viruḷhiṁ vepullaṁ āpajjissanti, bāhussaccaṁ, paṇḍiccaṁ
{262}	Vuḍḍhassa jo iyiṭṭhesu	ja for vuḍḍha before iya, iṭṭha	addasa kho, bhikkhave, jeṭṭho isi kaniṭṭhaṁ isiṁ, jeyyo, jeṭṭho
{263}	Pasatthassa so ca	sa, and ja, for pasattha	mataṁ te jīvitā seyyo, svāhaṁ, brāhmaṇa, jeṭṭho seṭṭho lokassa, seyyo, seṭṭho
{264}	Antikassa nedo	neda for antika	nediyo, nediṭṭho
{265}	Bāḷhassa sādho	sādha for bāḷha	sādhiyo, sādhiṭṭho
{266}	Appassa kaṇa	kaṇa for appa	kaṇiyo, kaṇiṭṭho
{267}	Yuvānañca	And [kaṇa] for yuva	yena kaniṭṭho isi tenupasaṅkami, kaniyo, kaniṭṭho
{268}	Vantu mantu vīnañca lopo	vantu, mantu, vī elided before iya, iṭṭha	guṇiyo, guṇiṭṭho, satiyo, satiṭṭho
{269}	Yavataṁ ta la ṇa dakārānaṁ byañjanāni ca la ña jakārattaṁ	t, l, ṇ, d with y become c, l, ñ, j	paṇḍiccaṁ kosallaṁ nepuññaṁ, bāhussaccaṁ, paṇḍiccaṁ, vepullaṁ — not tiṇadalaṁ, ālasyaṁ anuṭṭhānaṁ bhogānaṁ paripantho
{270}	Amha tumha ntu rāja brahmatta sakha satthu pitādīhi smā nāva	After amha, tumha, ntu, rāja, brahma, atta, sakha, satthu, pitu etc., smā has the form of nā	mā kisittho mayā vinā, mayā, tayā, guṇavatā — not purisā