K: `uṇādi` (`kita` affixes)
uṇādi affixes and their meanings
The uṇādi suffixes {642}–{673} are the kita affixes “beginning with uṇ”: a long tail of suffixes, each attached to a few named roots, that form individual nouns (kāru “craftsman”, samatha “calm”, geha “house”, vitaṇḍā “sophistry” …). Kaccāyana’s last chapter opens with the general rules for the sense of the kita suffixes {624}–{641} and then lists the uṇādi suffixes themselves. Each row gives the sutta number {N}, the sutta’s own words, a one-line summary and the example words Kaccāyana cites; after “not” come the counter-examples, where the rule does not apply. The summaries use the book’s symbols: ①–⑦ for the inflection forms, ⨀ singular, ⨂ plural, 🚹🚺🚻 for the genders. The full rules, with every derivation, are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/8-unadikappa.
The senses of the kita suffixes {624}–{641}
Section titled “The senses of the kita suffixes {624}–{641}”| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {624} | Kattari kita |
the kita suffixes denote the agent |
ayaṁ kho brahmadatto kāsirājā bahuno amhākaṁ anatthassa kārako, sarasi tvaṁ, dabba, evarūpaṁ kattā, netā vinetā anunetā, tādiso labhate yasaṁ, kāru |
| {625} | Bhāvakammesu kiccattakkhatthā |
the kicca suffixes, tta and the kha-type suffixes denote the action and the object |
na, bhikkhave, ūnavīsativasso puggalo upasampādetabbo, asitaṁ pītaṁ khāyitaṁ sāyitaṁ sammā pariṇāmaṁ gacchati, upasampādetabbaṁ upasampādanīyaṁ bhavatā, sayitabbaṁ bhavatā |
| {626} | Kammani dutiyāya tto |
tta denotes the agent when the object stands in the second form |
dānaṁ dinno devadatto, sīlaṁ rakkhito devadatto, bhattaṁ bhutto devadatto, garuṁ upāsito devadatto |
| {627} | Khyādīhi mana ma ca to vā |
mana after khi and the like; and optionally t for its m |
dhajo rathassa paññāṇaṁ, dhūmo paññāṇamaggino, attā hi attano nātho, khemo, bhemo |
| {628} | Samādīhi tha mā |
tha and ma after samu and the like |
samatho ca vipassanā ca, āpadāsu kho, mahārāja, thāmo veditabbo, abhikkantā, bhante, ratti, nikkhanto paṭhamo yāmo, samatho |
| {629} | Gahassu’padhasse vā |
optionally e for the penultimate a of gaha |
nanu nāma, tāta sudinna, sakaṁ gehaṁ gantabbaṁ, gehaṁ, gahaṁ |
| {630} | Masussa sussa cchara ccherā |
cchara, cchera for the su of masu |
saṅgāhako mittakaro, vadaññū vītamaccharo, maccharo, macchero, masu |
| {631} | Āpubbacarassa ca |
and [cchariya, cchara, cchera] for cara after ā, the ā shortened |
acchariyaṁ, bhante, abbhutaṁ, bhante, passa mātali accheraṁ, cittaṁ kammaphalaṁ idaṁ, balavā puriso appakasireneva accharaṁ pahareyya, acchariyaṁ |
| {632} | Ala kala salehi layā |
la and ya after ala, kala, sala |
allaṁ kaṭṭhaṁ sasnehaṁ udake nikkhittaṁ, kallaṁ nu taṁ samanupassituṁ, na tāvāhaṁ imaṁ sallaṁ āharissāmi, allaṁ |
| {633} | Yāṇa lāṇā |
yāṇa and lāṇa after kala and sala |
kataṁ tayā kalyāṇaṁ, akataṁ tayā pāpaṁ, paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito, kalyāṇaṁ, paṭisalyāṇaṁ |
| {634} | Mathissa thassa lo ca |
l for the th of matha; and the insertion of k |
rojo mallo āyasmato ānandassa sahāyo hoti, mallo, mallaṁ |
| {635} | Pesātisaggapattakālesukiccā |
the kicca suffixes in the senses of command, permission and due time |
kattabbaṁ kusalaṁ, caritabbaṁ brahmacariyaṁ, natthi cassa kiñci uttari karaṇīyaṁ, kattabbaṁ kammaṁ bhavatā, karaṇīyaṁ kiccaṁ bhavatā |
| {636} | Avassakā’dhamiṇesu ṇī ca |
ṇī, and the kicca suffixes, in the senses of necessity and of a debtor |
sīlesu paripūrakārī hoti samādhismiṁ mattaso kārī, sace, gahapati, bhojanaṁ dātabbaṁ detha, kārīsi me kammaṁ avassaṁ, hārīsi me bhāraṁ avassaṁ |
| {637} | Arahasakkādīhi tuṁ |
tuṁ with any root when arahati, sakkā and the like are used |
arahā bhavaṁ vattuṁ, na hi so sakkā hantuṁ, arahā bhavaṁ kattuṁ, sakkā bhavaṁ hantuṁ |
| {638} | Vajādīhipabbajjādayo nippajjante |
pabbajjā and the like are formed from vaja and the like as they stand |
idheva me maraṇaṁ bhavissati pabbajjā vā, saddhā dutiyā purisassa hoti, pabbajjā, ejjā |
| {639} | Kvilopo ca |
and the elision of kvi; the words again formed as they stand |
ahamasmi brahmā mahābrahmā abhibhū anabhibhūto, nesā sabhā yattha na santi santo, bhujanto gacchatīti bhujago; urena gacchatīti urago, vibhū |
| {640} | Sacajānaṁ kagā ṇānubandhe |
k, g for a root-final c, j before a ṇ-marked suffix |
rāgo, doso, moho — ime kho, āvuso, tayo dhammā, sukho viveko tuṭṭhassa, sutadhammassa passato, katamo ca, bhikkhave, soko, oko |
| {641} | Nudādīhi yuṇvūnamanānanākānanakā sakāritehi ca |
ana, ānana, aka, ānanaka for yu and ṇvu after nuda etc., and after causatives |
ahañcamhi na bhagavato sāvako, laddhā hi so upādānaṁ, mahā hutvāna pāvako, eko attavasī khippaṁ, pavisissāmi kānanaṁ, panūdano |
The uṇādi suffixes {642}–{673}
Section titled “The uṇādi suffixes {642}–{673}”| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {642} | I ya ta ma ki e sāna’mantassaro dīghaṁ kvaci du sa ssa guṇaṁ do raṁ sakkhī ca |
lengthened pronoun + disa, risa, dikkha, dī: īdiso, tādiso, kīdiso |
kīdiso, bhaṇe dovārika, vejjo, so tādiso sīlavisuddhiyā ṭhito, īdiso nirayo āsi, yattha dūsī apaccatha, na mādisā tuyhaṁ dadanti jamma |
| {643} | Bhyādīhi mati budhi pūjādīhi ca tto |
tta after bhī etc., and after roots of thinking, knowing and honouring |
disvāna bhīto aṭṭhāsi, sammato saṁghena āyasmā dabbo mallaputto senāsanapaññāpako ca bhattuddesako ca, sakkato garukato mānito pūjito apacito, bhīto |
| {644} | Vepu sī dava vamu ku dā bhū hvādīhi thu ttima ṇimā nibbatte |
thu, ttima, ṇima, “produced by”, after vepu, sī, dava, vamu, ku, dā, bhū, hu etc. |
vepathu, sayathu, davathu, vamathu |
| {645} | Akkose namhāni |
āni in reproach, when na is present |
agamāni te jamma desaṁ, akarāṇi te jamma kammaṁ, adhammena tuvaṁ jamma, brahmadattassa kujjhasi — not vipatti te jamma, vikati te jamma |
| {646} | Ekādito sakissa kkhattuṁ |
kkhattuṁ for sakiṁ after eka and the other numerals: “once”, “twice” |
rattiyā paṭhamaṁ yāmaṁ tikkhattuṁ saddamanussāvehi, pañcakkhattuṁ codetvā dvikkhattuṁ ṭhātabbaṁ, bhagavato kāyaṁ sattakkhattuṁ bhogehi parikkhipitvā, ekakkhattuṁ |
| {647} | Sunassunassoṇa vānuvānūnunakhunānā |
soṇo, svāno, suvāno, sūno, sunakho, suno, sā, sāno: the shapes of suna, “dog” |
kukkuṭā sūkarā soṇā siṅgālā, jeguccho sunakho paṭikūlo, khādanti naṁ suvānā ca, siṅgālā ca vakā kimī, soṇo |
| {648} | Taruṇassa susu ca |
and susu for taruṇa, “young” |
daharo tvaṁ, bhikkhu, pabbajito susu kāḷakeso, bhadrena yobbanena samannāgato, samaṇo khalu, bho, gotamo daharova samāno yuvā susukāḷakeso, susu kāḷakeso, taruṇa |
| {649} | Yuvassuvassuvuvānunūnā |
uva, uvāna, una, ūna for the uva of yuva |
bhikkhu daharo hoti yuvā susu kāḷakeso, yuvā, yuvāno, yuno |
| {650} | Kāle vattamānātīte ṇvādayo |
ṇu and the rest in present and past time |
somo yamo candimā vāyu sūriyo, yaṁ taṁ jātaṁ bhūtaṁ saṅkhataṁ palokadhammaṁ, akāsi, karotīti kāru, agacchi, gacchatīti vāyu |
| {651} | Bhavissati gamādīhi ṇī ghiṇa |
ṇī, ghiṇ after gamu and the like, in the future sense |
so kuhiṁ gāmī bhavissati, āyatiṁ gamituṁ sīlaṁ yassa, so hotīti gāmī, āyatiṁ bhajituṁ sīlaṁ yassa, so hotīti bhājī, āyatiṁ passavituṁ sīlaṁ yassa, so hotīti passāvi |
| {652} | Kriyāyaṁ ṇvu tavo |
ṇvu, tu when an action is the purpose, in the future sense |
bahuno amhākaṁ anatthassa kārako, ‘‘karissa’’nti kārako vajati, ‘‘bhuñjissa’’nti bhottā vajati |
| {653} | Bhāvavācimhi catutthī |
the fourth form ④ with a word of action, for the purpose | pañcasu kāmaguṇesu bhogāya cittaṁ namati, pacissate, pacanaṁ vā pāko, pākāya vajati, bhuñjissate, bhojanaṁ vā bhogo, bhogāya vajati, naccissate, naccanaṁ vā naccaṁ, naccāya vajati |
| {654} | Kammani ṇo |
ṇa with the object as first member, in the future sense |
nagaraṁ karissati nagarakāro vajati, sāliṁ lāvissati sālilāvo vajati, dhaññaṁ vapissati dhaññavāpo vajati, bhogaṁ dadissati bhogadāyo vajati |
| {655} | Sese ssaṁ ntumānānā |
ssaṁ, ntu, māna, āna in the remaining [future] sense |
puññāni karonto abhiramassu, aparihīno kālaṁ kurumāno, na bhuñjamāno sabbaṁ hatthaṁ mukhe pakkhipissāmi, yathāpi bhikkhu bhikkhanto |
| {656} | Chadādīhi ta traṇa |
ta, traṇ after chada and the like |
chattaṁ nāma tīṇi chattāni, nettaṁ yācitumāgato, tantaṁ vināti, hirī īsā mano yottaṁ |
| {657} | Vadādīhi ṇitto gaṇe |
ṇitta after vada and the like in the sense of a group |
cārittaṁ atha vārittaṁ, kulesu cārittaṁ āpajjeyya, vāditānaṁ gaṇo vādittaṁ, cārittaṁ |
| {658} | Midādīhi ttitiyo |
tti, ti after mida and the like |
metti sandhīyate puna, cattāro purisā sarahatthā patti, yāva ratti vibhāyati, pāyantī nāma mātā vā hoti dhāti vā |
| {659} | Usu ranja daṁsānaṁ daṁsassa daḍḍhoḍha ṭhā ca |
daḍḍha for daṁsa; and ḍha, ṭha after usu, ranja |
rājāva raṭṭhaṁ vijitaṁ pahāya, gāmo agginā daḍḍho hoti, usīyate uḍḍho, ranjanti etthāti raṭṭhaṁ |
| {660} | Sūvusānamūvusānamatothoca |
at for the ū, u, asa of sū, vu, asa; and tha |
satthaṁ vā āhara, visaṁ vā khāda, suddhaṁ vatthaṁ apagatakāḷakaṁ, vadeyyātha, bhante, yena attho, savati hiṁsati etenāti satthaṁ |
| {661} | Ranjudādīhi dha didda kirā kvaci jadalopoca |
dha, da, idda, ka, ira after ranja, uda and the like; sometimes j, d elided |
randhaṁ na passanti samekkhamānā, sabbo samuddo asīmo, nakkhattānaṁ mukhaṁ cando, mando hāsetabbo |
| {662} | Paṭito hissa heraṇa hīraṇa |
heraṇ, hīraṇ for hi after paṭi |
pāṭiheraṁ daṭṭhukāmā, disvāna taṁ pāṭihīraṁ, paṭhamaṁ pāṭihāriyaṁ, paṭipakkhe madditvā gacchati pavattatīti pāṭiheraṁ |
| {663} | Kaḍyādīhi ko |
ka after kaḍi and the like |
na taṁ kaṇḍaṁ jānāmi yenamhi viddho, kuṭṭhaṁ, gaṇḍo, kilāso, soso, apamāro, oṭṭho meṇḍo goṇo gadrabho, eraṇḍo anto rukkhānaṁ |
| {664} | Khādāmagamānaṁ kha ndha’ndha gandhā |
khandha, andha, gandha for khāda, ama, gamu |
yo mahantataro khandho so palujjeyya, na, bhikkhave, andho pabbājetabbo, na vaṇṇo na gandho na raso paññāyati, jātijarāmaraṇādīhi saṁsāradukkhehi khāditabboti khandho |
| {665} | Paṭādīhyalaṁ |
ala after paṭa and the like |
paṭhamaṁ kalalaṁ hoti, mahantaṁ ninnaṁ pallalaṁ, caṇḍālo veno nesādo rathakāro pukkuso, taṁ jaññā vasalo iti |
| {666} | Puthassa puthu pathā mo vā |
puthu, patha for putha; in some places ama |
nabhato puthavī yathā, jātā ca pathavī ajātā ca pathavī, ayaṁ, bhikkhave, paṭhamo mahācoro, puthujjano tathāgatassa vaṇṇaṁ vadamāno |
| {667} | Sasvādīhi tu davo |
tu, du after sasu and the like |
gahitā tena sattunā, odano, kummāso, sattu, maccho, maṁsaṁ, daddu kacchu ca me natthi, aññe satte sasati hiṁsatīti sattu |
| {668} | Cyādīhi īvaro |
īvara after ci, pā, dhā and the like |
bahuṁ tumhākaṁ cīvaraṁ uppannaṁ, cīyatīti cīvaraṁ, pivatīti pīvaro, pātabbaṁ rakkhitabbanti vā pīvaraṁ |
| {669} | Munādīhi ci |
i after muna and the like, and after nominal lemmas |
bhavasaṅkhāramavassaji muni, joti nāma aggi vuccati, kavi gāthānamāsayo, saddhā, ruci, anussavo |
| {670} | Vidādīhyūro |
ūra after vida and the like |
dūro kho, bhante, maggo, majjārasamāgato viya undūro, haṁsā koñcā mayūrā ca, vidituṁ alanti vidūro |
| {671} | Hanādīhi nu ṇutavo |
nu, ṇu, tu after hana and the like |
sīlaṁ setu mahesakkho, taṁ kissa hetu, saṅkhatā ca dhātu asaṅkhatā ca dhātu, tuvaṁ satthā ca ketu ca |
| {672} | Kuṭādīhi ṭho |
ṭha after kuṭa and the like |
santi te evarūpā ābādhā — kuṭṭhaṁ, gaṇḍo, koṭṭho mayhaṁ na vijjati, tattha jātakaṁ kaṭṭhaṁ vā lataṁ vā chindati, aṅgamaṅgaṁ kuṭati chindatīti kuṭṭhaṁ |
| {673} | Manu pūra suṇādīhi ussa nusisā |
ussa, nusa, isa after manu, pūra, suṇa and the like |
manusso tasmiṁ papatati, yaṁ mānuso vissase amānusamhi, viññū puriso iti paṭisañcikkhati, tasmā hi paṇḍito poso |