10.2: Connected with it: `ṇika`, `ṇa`, `ima` and `iya`

Many words of the texts end in -ika: nāviko (“a sailor”), kāyikaṁ (“bodily”), nerayikā (“beings in hell”), dhammiko (“righteous”). The ending is the affix ṇika, and the word names something connected with its base: nāviko is nāvā (“a boat”) with ṇika, one who crosses by boat. Kaccāyana gives this one affix a long list of senses in two rules {350}, {351}, from “mixed with” to “plays with”; it is an affix of many meanings (anekattha), and two more rules add ṇa {352} and ima, iya {353} of the same kind.

When you meet such a word, ask what the base is and what connection with it the word names. The base is what is left when the affix is taken off and a lengthened first vowel put back; the connection is one of the senses tabled below, and the dictionary will tell you which one the word settled on. The phrase beside each sense shows the base at work, with the ending the sense needs: ③ “by which” (nāvāya), ② the thing studied (vinayaṁ), ⑦ the place (dvāre), assa (“his”) for what is someone’s.

ṇika and ṇa carry the ṇ of section 10.1: the ṇ is dropped {396} and the first vowel of the base is lengthened, a to ā, i to e, u to o {400}, unless two consonants follow it or it is long already. So sakaṭa (“a cart”) gives sākaṭiko and urabbha (“a ram”) gives orabbhiko, but gandha (“perfume”) gives gandhiko and kāya (“the body”) gives kāyikaṁ. ima and iya have no ṇ and change nothing: pacchā (“after”) gives pacchimo. Appendix H tables every rule with its examples.

The senses of `ṇika`

the sense	the phrase the word replaces	the word	meaning	rule
mixed with	`tilena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ`	`telikaṁ`	food with sesame in it	{350}
crosses by	`nāvāya tarati`	`nāviko`	a sailor	{350}
goes by	`sakaṭena carati`	`sākaṭiko`	a carter	{350}
carries by	`sīsena vahati`	`sīsiko`	one who carries on the head	{350}
lives in, born in, and other senses the rule’s `vā` admits	`rājagahe vasati`, `rājagahe jāto`	`rājagahiko`	a man of Rājagaha	{350}
studies	`vinayaṁ adhīte`	`venayiko`	one who studies the Vinaya	{351}
made by	`kāyena kataṁ`	`kāyikaṁ`	bodily	{351}
located in	`sarīre sannidhānā`	`sārīrikā`	bodily (of a feeling)	{351}
appointed to	`dvāre niyutto`	`dovāriko`	a doorkeeper	{351}
his craft	`vīṇā assa sippaṁ`	`veṇiko`	a lute-player	{351}
his merchandise	`gandho assa bhaṇḍaṁ`	`gandhiko`	a perfume-seller	{351}
his livelihood	`urabbhaṁ hantvā jīvati` (lives by killing sheep)	`orabbhiko`	a sheep-butcher	{351}
plays with	`akkhena dibbati` (plays with dice)	`akkhiko`	a gambler	{351}

`ṇa`, `ima` and `iya`

affix	the sense	the phrase the word replaces	the word	meaning	rule
`ṇa`	dyed with	`kasāvena rattaṁ` (dyed with the brown dye)	`kāsāvaṁ`	the ochre robe	{352}
`ṇa`	this is his	`sūkarassa idaṁ maṁsaṁ` (this meat is the pig’s)	`sokaraṁ`	pork	{352}
`ṇa`	born in, come from, lord of	`madhurāya jāto`	`mādhuro`	a man of Madhurā	{352}
`ṇa`	the month of a constellation	`kattikāya niyutto māso`	`kattiko`	the month of Kattikā, October–November	{352}
`ṇa`	produced by	`sāgarehi nibbatto` (produced by the Sāgaras)	`sāgaro`	the ocean	{352}
`ima`	born after, in the middle, at the end	`pacchā jāto`	`pacchimo`	last; western	{353}
`iya`	born of a kind	`bodhisattajātiyā jāto`	`bodhisattajātiyo`	one of the Bodhisatta’s kind	{353}
`ima`, `iya`, `ika`	set at, having (the rule’s “and the like”)	`anto niyutto`, `putto assa atthi` (he has a son)	`antimo`, `puttiko`	final, one who has a son	{353}
`kiya`	assigned to	`jātiyaṁ niyutto`	`jātikiyo`	assigned to a caste	{353}

The -ima words purimo (“former”), majjhimo (“middle”), pacchimo (“last”), uparimo (“upper”), heṭṭhimo (“lower”) and antimo (“final”) are the ones you will meet most.

Examples

nāvāya tarati → nāviko

🚺⨀③(nāvāya) 🟢⨀🤟▶️(tarati) → 🚹⨀①🔽(ṇika)(nāviko)
by boat / crosses → one who crosses by boat, a sailor
ṇika {350}, “crosses by”: -ika added to nāvā, whose first vowel is long already.

kāyena kataṁ kammaṁ → kāyikaṁ

🚹⨀③(kāyena) 🚻⨀①🔽(ta)(kataṁ) 🚻⨀①(kammaṁ) → 🚻⨀①🔽(ṇika)(kāyikaṁ)
by the body / done / act → a bodily act
ṇika {351}, “made by”: -ika on kāya; kāyikaṁ vā cetasikaṁ vā, “relating to the body or to the mind”, Bonus: 10, 23.2.

pacchā jāto → pacchimo

⏏️(pacchā) 🚹⨀①🔽(ta)(jāto) → 🚹⨀①🔽(ima)(pacchimo)
after / born → born after, last
ima {353}, “born”: -ima added to pacchā, nothing lengthened; pacchimaṁ yāmaṁ, “the last watch”, 3: 10.1.

Exercises

Each of the following is a word you met in the texts of chapter 3, 5 and the bonus chapter, some in another ending. Say which affix it carries, what the base is and what connection with the base the word names; then look the word up and compare.

cetasikaṁ
nerayikā
cātumahārājikā
pothujjaniko
majjhimaṁ

Answers

Note: please do the exercises first before checking the answers.

cetasā kataṁ kammaṁ → cetasikaṁ

🚹⨀③(cetasā) 🚻⨀①🔽(ta)(kataṁ) 🚻⨀①(kammaṁ) → 🚻⨀①🔽(ṇika)(cetasikaṁ)
by the mind / done / act → a mental act
ṇika {351}, “made by”, as kāyikaṁ: -ika on cetas (“mind”), whose e is long already; kāyikaṁ vā cetasikaṁ vā, Bonus: 10, 23.2.

niraye jātā → nerayikā

🚹⨀⑦(niraye) 🚹⨂①🔽(ta)(jātā) → 🚹⨂①🔽(ṇika)(nerayikā)
in hell / born → born in hell, living in hell
ṇika {350}, “born in”, as rājagahiko: the first i becomes e, -ika added; sattā nerayikā, Bonus: 23, 1.6.

cātumahārājikā devā

🚹⨂①(cātumahārājika) 🚹⨂①(deva)
the Cātumahārājikā / devas
ṇika {350}, “lives in”, as rājagahiko: -ika on catumahārāja, the first a lengthened; the devas of the four great kings’ realm; 5: 12.2.

hīno gammo pothujjaniko

🚹⨀①(hīna) 🚹⨀①(gamma) 🚹⨀①(pothujjanika)
low / vulgar / worldly
ṇika {351}, “the property of”: -ika on puthujjana (“an ordinary person”), the first u becoming o; of the common man; 5: 2.3.

majjhe jātaṁ → majjhimaṁ

🚹⨀⑦(majjhe) 🚹⨀②🔽(ta)(jātaṁ) → 🚹⨀②🔽(ima)(majjhimaṁ)
in the middle / born → middle
ima {353}, “born in”: -ima added to majjha, nothing lengthened; majjhimaṁ yāmaṁ, “the middle watch”, 3: 7.1.