H: `taddhita` (affixes)
taddhita affixes and their meanings
This appendix contains a subset of the examples Kaccāyana gives; every rule number links to the rule on kaccayana.github.io, where the full set is tabled.
tassā’pacca (“the son or descendant of someone”)
Section titled “tassā’pacca (“the son or descendant of someone”)”| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {344} | vasiṭṭhassa apaccaṁ vā | vasiṭṭha | ṇa | vasiṭṭh |
vāsiṭṭho(🚹) vāsiṭṭhī(🚺) vāsiṭṭhaṁ(🚻) | Vasiṭṭha’s son/daughter/clan |
| {345} | vacchassa apaccaṁ vā | vaccha | ṇāyana | vacch |
vacchāyano(🚹) vacchāyanī(🚺) vacchāyanaṁ(🚻) | Vaccha’s son/daughter/clan |
| {345} | vacchassa apaccaṁ vā | vaccha | ṇāna | vacch |
vacchāno(🚹) vacchānī(🚺) vacchānaṁ(🚻) | Vaccha’s son/daughter/clan |
| {346} | kattikāya apaccaṁ vā | kattikā | ṇeyya | kattik |
kattikeyyo | (a woman) Kattikā’s son or descendant |
| {347} | dakkhassa apaccaṁ vā | dakkha | ṇi | dakkh |
dakkhi | Dakkha’s son or descendant |
| {347} | sakyaputtassa apaccaṁ | sakyaputta | ṇika | sakyaputt |
sakyaputtiko | Sakyaputta’s son or descendant |
| {348} | upakussa apaccaṁ vā | upaku | ṇava | opakavo | Upaku’s son or descendant | |
| {348} | manuno apaccaṁ | manu | ṇava | m |
mānavo | Manu’s son or descendant: a young man, a brahmin youth |
| {349} | vidhavāya apaccaṁ vā | vidhavā | ṇera | v |
vedhavero | widow’s son or descendant |
ane’ka’ttha (various meanings)
Section titled “ane’ka’ttha (various meanings)”| sutta | expression | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {350} | saṁsaṭṭha “being mixed in as an ingredient” |
tilena saṁsaṭṭhaṁ bhojanaṁ | tila | ṇika | t |
telikaṁ | food mixed with sesame |
| {350} | tarati “mode of crossing a river etc.” |
nāvāya taratī’ti | nāvā | ṇika | nāv |
nāviko | traveller by boat |
| {350} | carati “mode of travel or practice” |
sakaṭena caratī’ti | sakaṭa | ṇika | sakaṭ |
sākaṭiko | bullock-cart-traveller |
| {350} | vahati “mode of carriage” |
sīsena vahatī’ti | sīsa | ṇika | sīs |
sīsiko | one who carries (something) on head |
| {350} | vasatī “residency” |
rājagahe vasatī’ti | rājagaha | ṇika | rājagah |
rājagahiko | resident/native of Rājagaha city |
| {351} | adhīte “learning or subject of study” |
vinaya’madhīte | vinaya | ṇika | v |
venayiko (i>e vuddhi) | Vinaya-learner, i.e. the student of Vinaya texts |
| {351} | tena kataṁ “modes of action” |
kāyena kataṁ kammaṁ | kāya | ṇika | kāy |
kāyikaṁ | bodily action |
| {351} | sannidhāna “originated in” |
sarīre sannidhānā vedanā | sarīra | ṇika | sarīr |
sārīrikā | the bodily feeling, i.e. bodily pain etc. |
| {351} | niyutta “being involved in or related to” |
dvāre niyutto | dvāra | ṇika | d(o)vār |
dovāriko | the door-keeper, guard |
| {351} | sippa “profession or knowledge” |
vīṇā assa sippaṁ | vīṇā | ṇika | v |
veṇiko (i>e vuddhi) | the harp-professional, the harpist |
| {351} | bhaṇḍaṁ “merchandise” |
gandho assa bhaṇḍaṁ | gandha | ṇika | gandh |
gandhiko | the perfume-trader, perfumer |
| {351} | jīvika “livelihood” |
urabbhaṁ hantvā jīvatī’ti | urabbha | ṇika | orabbhiko (u>o vuddhi) | sheep-butcher | |
| {351} | hata “mode of killing for a living” |
jālena hato | jāla | ṇika | jāl |
jāliko | fisherman |
| {351} | āvudha “weapon” |
cāpo assa āvudho | cāpa | ṇika | cāp |
cāpiko | archer |
| {351} | ābādha “disease or pain” |
vāto assa ābādho | vāta | ṇika | vāt |
vātiko | gas-pain sufferer |
| {351} | pasanna “being pleased with or being devoted to” |
buddhe pasanno | buddha | ṇika | buddh |
buddhiko | the one who is pleased in Buddha, i.e. a devotee of Buddha |
| {351} | santakaṁ “possession, being owned by” |
buddhassa santakaṁ | buddha | ṇika | buddh |
buddhikaṁ | Buddha’s possession such as funds meant for shrine-renovation etc. |
| {351} | kītaṁ “mode of purchase, being bartered with” |
vatthena kītaṁ bhaṇḍaṁ | vattha | ṇika | vatth |
vatthikaṁ | the thing bought by means of bartering with cloth |
| {351} | parimāṇa “measurement” |
kumbho assa parimāṇaṁ | kumbha | ṇika | kumbh |
kumbhikaṁ | a thing of one Kumbha measure of grain |
| {351} | rāsi “heap” |
kumbhassa rāsi | kumbha | ṇika | kumbh |
kumbhikaṁ | one-kumbha-measured heap of grains |
| {351} | arahati “deserve” |
kumbhaṁ arahatī’ti | kumbha | ṇika | kumbh |
kumbhiko | someone deserving one-Kumbha of grains |
| {351} | dibbati “to play a game of luck” |
akkhena dibbatī’ti | akkha | ṇika | akkh |
akkhiko | dice-player, gambler |
| {352} | rāga “dye” |
kasāvena rattaṁ vatthaṁ | kasāva | ṇa | kasāv |
kāsāvaṁ | yellow-coloured robe |
| {352} | idaṁ “(this) belongs to” |
sūkarassa idaṁ maṁsaṁ | sūkara | ṇa | s |
sokaraṁ | pig’s meat, i.e. pork |
| {352} | avidūra “not far off, in proximity” |
udumbarassa avidūre pavattaṁ vimānaṁ | udumbara | ṇa | udumbar |
odumbaraṁ | the mansion near fig tree |
| {352} | jāta “native” |
mathurāya jāto | mathurā | ṇa | mathur |
māthuro | the native of Mathurā |
| {352} | āgata “comer” |
mathurāya āgato | mathurā | ṇa | mathur |
māthuro | the person coming from the city of Mathurā |
| {352} | niyutta “being related to or with” |
kattikāya niyutto māso | kattikā | ṇa | kattik |
kattiko | the month when the star named “Kattikā (Kṛittika)” is prominent |
| {352} | samūha “collective grouping” |
sikkhānaṁ samūho | sikkhā | ṇa | sikkh |
sikkho | the collection of the precepts |
| {352} | devatā “being devoted like a deity” |
buddho assa devatā | buddha | ṇa | buddh |
buddho | the one who devotes Buddha like a deity |
| {352} | “being related for a certain period such as a year etc.” | saṁvacchara’madhīte | saṁvacchara | ṇa | saṁvacchar |
saṁvaccharo | annual learner, yearly student |
| {352} | “being related to a skill of knowledge” | vyākaraṇa’madhīte | vyākaraṇa | ṇa | vyākaraṇ |
veyyākaraṇo | the one who studies grammar, the grammar-student |
| {352} | visaya “domain or a specifically reserved place etc.” |
vasādānaṁ visayo deso | vasāda | ṇa | v |
vāsādo | the lion’s den |
| {352} | different meaning from above | sāgarehi nibbatto | sāgara | ṇa | sāgar |
sāgaro | the place made by Sāgara, i.e. ocean |
| {352} | “being resident and chief” | sāgala’massa nivāso | sāgala | ṇa | sāgal |
sāgalo | the resident of Sāgala |
| {353} | “when and where it happens” | pacchā jāto | pacchā | ima | pacch |
pacchimo | that which happens later, the latter, the last |
| {353} | “in which species one is born into etc.” | bodhisattajātiyā jāto | bodhisattajāti | iya | bodhisattajāt |
bodhisattajātiyo | the one who was born as a Bodhisatta |
| {353} | “pertaining to” | ante niyutto | anta | ima | ant |
antimo | that which is related to the end, i.e. the end, the final |
| {353} | “having something as an inherent quality etc” | putto assa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | putta | ima | putt |
puttimo | is so called, the one who has a son (child) |
| {353} | “pertaining to” | jātiyaṁ niyutto | jāti | kiya | jāti + kiy |
jātikiyo | birth-related, inborn, innate |
samūha (collective grouping/assembly)
Section titled “samūha (collective grouping/assembly)”| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {354} | rājaputtānaṁ samūho | rājaputta | ṇa | rājaputta + |
rājaputto | the collective group of princes |
| {354} | rājaputtānaṁ samūho | rājaputta | kaṇ | rājaputta + k |
rājaputtako | the collective group of princes |
| {355} | gāmānaṁ samūho | gāma, jana, bandhu, sahāya | tā | gāma + t |
gāmatā | the collective group of villages |
ta’dassaṭhāna (the source or the cause)
Section titled “ta’dassaṭhāna (the source or the cause)”an instigating source or a cause for passion, arrest, release, joy, etc.
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {356} | madanassa ṭhānaṁ | madana | iya | madan |
madaniyaṁ | the source of infatuation or inebriation, something alluring or extremely tempting or attractive thus causing lust or madness etc. |
| {356} | bandhanassa ṭhānaṁ | bandana | iya | bandan |
bandhaniyaṁ | the cause of imprisonment |
| {356} | dassanassa ṭhānaṁ | dassana | iya | dassan |
dassaniyaṁ | an occasion of seeing: worth seeing, beautiful |
upamā (analogous similitude)
Section titled “upamā (analogous similitude)”a simile or a metaphoric likeness
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {357} | dhūmo viya dissati aduṁ vanaṁ ta’didaṁ | dhūma | āyitatta | dhūm |
dhūmāyitattaṁ | the smoky forest (whose colour is like green-greyish when seen from a distance) |
| {357} | timiraṁ viya dissati aduṁ vanaṁ ta’didaṁ | timira | āyitatta | timir |
timirāyitattaṁ | the darkish-looking forest |
tannissita (“dependent nature and source”)
Section titled “tannissita (“dependent nature and source”)”“on which something depends or being associated to or being the source of”
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {358} | duṭṭhu nissitaṁ | duṭṭhu | la | duṭṭhu + (l)la + |
duṭṭhullaṁ | related to bad nature, indecent, obscene |
| {358} | vedaṁ nissitaṁ | veda | la | veda + (l)la + |
vedallaṁ | resting on knowledge: a vedalla, a discourse of questions and answers |
tabbahula (the prominent nature)
Section titled “tabbahula (the prominent nature)”“a state of being a common prominent nature”
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {359} | abhijjhā assa pakati | abhijjhā | ālu | abhijjh |
abhijjhālu | the one whose nature is covetousness |
bhāva (the abstract state)
Section titled “bhāva (the abstract state)”the state or a qualitative character of someone or something (a state of being so and so, a situation, or a qualitative character of someone or something)
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {360} | alasassa bhāvo | alasa | ṇya | alas |
ālasyaṁ | the state of being lazy, the laziness |
| {360} | paṁsukūlikassa bhāvo | paṁsukūlika | tta | paṁsukūlika + tta + |
paṁsukūlikattaṁ | practitioner-hood of Paṁsukūlika austerity-practice |
| {360} | saṅgaṇikā’rāmassa bhāvo | saṅgaṇikārāma | tā | saṅgaṇikārāma + tā + |
saṅgaṇikā’rāmatā | gregariousness, being fond of socialising |
| {360} | puthujjanassa bhāvo | puthujjana | ttana | puthujjana + ttana + |
puthujjanattanaṁ | the state of an ordinary person, still subject to the defilements |
| {361} | visamassa bhāvo | visama | ṇa | visama + |
vesamaṁ | state of being uneven, ruggedness, uneven-ness, non-level place of the earth |
| {361} | sucissa bhāvo | suci | ṇa | s |
socaṁ | the state of what is pure, purity |
| {362} | ramaṇīyassa bhāvo | ramaṇīya | kaṇ | ramaṇīya + ka |
rāmaṇīyakaṁ | pleasantness |
visesa (superlative-comparison)
Section titled “visesa (superlative-comparison)”a comparative comparison for the superlative
| sutta | expression | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {363} | more | sabbe ime pāpā, aya’mimesaṁ visesena pāpo’ti | pāpa | tara | pāpa + tar |
pāpataro | specially bad among the bad, i.e. especially bad of the bad |
| {363} | most | sabbe ime pāpā, aya’mimesaṁ visesena pāpo’ti | pāpa | tama | pāpa + tam |
pāpatamo | the most bad, the worst |
| {363} | more | sabbe ime pāpā, aya’mimesaṁ visesena pāpo’ti | pāpa | isika | pāp |
pāpisiko | specially bad |
| {363} | more | sabbe ime pāpā, aya’mimesaṁ visesena pāpo’ti | pāpa | iya | pāp |
pāpiyo | more bad |
| {363} | most | sabbe ime pāpā, aya’mimesaṁ visesena pāpo’ti | pāpa | iṭṭha | pāp |
pāpiṭṭho | the most bad, the worst |
ta’dassa’tthi (possessed quality or inherent nature)
Section titled “ta’dassa’tthi (possessed quality or inherent nature)”a quality being possessed by someone (or something)
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {364} | medhā yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | medhā | vī | medhā + vī + |
medhāvī | the one who has intellect or wisdom, the wise |
| {364} | sumedhā yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | sumedhā | so | sumedh |
sumedhaso | the one who has good intellect |
| {365} | tapo yassa atthi tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | tapa | sī | tapa + (s)sī + |
tapassī | the one having austerity practices, an ascetic, a hermit |
| {366} | daṇḍo yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | daṇḍa | ika | daṇḍ |
daṇḍiko | the one having a stick |
| {366} | daṇḍo yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | daṇḍa | ī | daṇḍ |
daṇḍī | the one having a stick |
| {367} | madhu yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | madhu | ra | madhu + r |
madhuro | something having sweet taste, sweet |
| {368} | guṇo yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | guṇa | vantu | guṇa + v |
guṇavā | virtuous or a dignitary |
| {369} | sati yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | sati | mantu | sati + m |
satimā | the one having awareness, aware |
| {370} | saddhā yassa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | saddhā | ṇa | saddh |
saddho | the one having faith, the faithful |
| {371} | āyu assa atthi, tasmiṁ vā vijjatī’ti | āyu | mantu | āy |
āyasmā | the one having life |
ta’ppakati (made up of something)
Section titled “ta’ppakati (made up of something)”by means of which something is made up of, or crafted with
| sutta | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {372} | suvaṇṇena pakataṁ kammaṁ | suvaṇṇa | maya | suvaṇṇa + maya + |
sovaṇṇamayaṁ | made of gold |
abyaya (uninflected words made with affixes)
Section titled “abyaya (uninflected words made with affixes)”| sutta | expression | phrase | base | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {397} | distributive adjective or adverb | ekena vibhāgena | eka | dhā | eka + dhā + |
ekadhā | by one portion, in one kind |
| {398} | manner and mode (after sabbanāma) | tena pakāro | ta | thā | ta + thā + |
tathā | by that manner |
| {398} | manner and mode (after sabbanāma) | so pakāro | ta | thattā | ta + thattā + |
tathattā | by that manner |
| {399} | manner and mode (after kiṁ) |
ko pakāro | ka | thaṁ | ka + thaṁ + |
kathaṁ | what manner |
| {399} | manner and mode (after ima) |
ayaṁ pakāro | ima | thaṁ | i |
itthaṁ | this manner |
saṅkhyā (numerals) and pūraṇa (ordinals) {373}–{396}
Section titled “saṅkhyā (numerals) and pūraṇa (ordinals) {373}–{396}”The numeral rules, in summary: the sutta, its words, what it does and Kaccāyana’s example words (after “not”, the counter-examples). The full rules are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/5-taddhitakappa.
| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {373} | Saṅkhyāpūraṇe mo |
ma in the sense of completing a number: the ordinal |
ayaṁ, bhikkhave, pañcamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane, ayaṁ, bhikkhave, dasamo ādīnavo rājantepurappavesane, pañcamo, sattamo |
| {374} | Sa chassavā |
Optionally sa for cha [in the ordinal]: saṭṭho |
ayaṁ, bhikkhave, chaṭṭho ādīnavo, rājantepurappavesane, iti ime saṭṭhi dhammā, saṭṭho, chaṭṭho |
| {375} | Ekādito dasassī |
Optionally ī after dasa preceded by eka and the like: the feminine ordinal |
cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa, mātā ekādasī rañño, ekādasī, pañcadasī — not ekādasa loke arahanto honti, ekādasa |
| {376} | Dase so niccañca |
Always so for cha before dasa: soḷasa |
tasmiṁ magge soḷasa purise ṭhapesi, soḷasa |
| {377} | Ante niggahitañca |
And a niggahīta at the end [of these numerals]: pañcadasiṁ |
uposathañca upavasati cātuddasiṁ pañcadasiṁ aṭṭhamiñca pakkhassa, pañcadasiṁ, cātuddasiṁ, pañcadasī |
| {378} | Ti ca |
And ti at the end: vīsati, tiṁsati |
vīsati tattha sovaṇṇā, vīsati rajatāmayā, indagopakavaṇṇābhā, tāva dissanti tiṁsati, vīsati, tiṁsati |
| {379} | La darānaṁ |
l for the d and r of numerals: soḷasa, cattālīsaṁ |
atha kho te soḷasa purisā, vīsati niruttiyo, cattālīsaṁ ñāṇāni, soḷasa, cattālīsaṁ |
| {380} | Vīsati dasesu bā dvissa tu |
bā for dvi before vīsati, dasa; and du, di, do |
pañcakkhandhā, dvādasāyatanāni, aṭṭhārasa dhātuyo, cattāri saccāni, bāvīsatindriyāni, bāvīsatindriyāni, bārasa manussā |
| {381} | Ekādito dassa ra saṅkhyāne |
Optionally r for the d of dasa after eka and the like, in a numeral |
dīghaso dvādasa vidatthiyo, terasa saṁghādisesā dhammā, ekārasa, ekādasa — not sabbaṁ vuccati dvādasāyatanāni, dvādasāyatanāni |
| {382} | Aṭṭhādito ca |
And after aṭṭha and the like: aṭṭhārasa |
nissaggiyāni aṭṭhārasa, aṭṭhārasa, aṭṭhadasa — not pañcadasa, soḷasa |
| {383} | Dvekaṭṭhānamākāro vā |
Optionally ā for the final of dvi, eka, aṭṭha in a numeral |
kukkuṭiyā aṇḍāni aṭṭha vā dasa vā dvādasa vā, aṭṭhārasa dhātuyo, dvādasa, ekādasa — not dvidanto, ekadanto |
| {384} | Catucche hi tha ṭhā |
tha, ṭha after catu, cha: catuttho, chaṭṭho |
ayaṁ, bhikkhave, catuttho mahācoro santo saṁvijjamāno lokasmiṁ, surāpānavaggo chaṭṭho, catuttho, chaṭṭho |
| {385} | Dvitīhi tiyo |
tiya after dvi, ti: dutiyo, tatiyo |
ayaṁ, bhikkhave, dutiyo mahācoro, ayaṁ, bhikkhave, tatiyo mahācoro, dutiyo, tatiyo |
| {386} | Tiye dutāpi ca |
du, ta for dvi, ti before tiya; du, di elsewhere too |
dutiyo, tatiyo |
| {387} | Tesamaḍḍhūpapadena aḍḍhuḍḍha divaḍḍha diyaḍḍhaḍḍhatiyā |
with aḍḍha before them: aḍḍhuḍḍha, divaḍḍha, diyaḍḍha, aḍḍhatiya |
aḍḍhuḍḍhāni itthisahassāni paricārikā dijakaññāyo, aḍḍhateyyāni paribbājakasatāni, aḍḍhena catuttho aḍḍhuḍḍho, aḍḍhena dutiyo divaḍḍho |
| {388} | Sarūpānamekasesvasakiṁ |
of like forms occurring more than once, one alone remains | puriso ca puriso ca purisā — not senā nāma hatthī assā rathā pattī, hatthiassarathapattikā |
| {389} | Gaṇane dasassa dviticatupañcachasattaaṭṭhanavakānaṁ vī ti cattāra paññā cha sattāsanavā yosu, yonañcīsamāsaṁ ṭhi ri tī tuti |
the tens: vī…nava for repeated dasa, īsaṁ…uti for its yo |
vīsatiyā yojanesu, tiṁsāya yojanesu, cattārīsāya yojanesu, paññāsāya yojanesu, vīsaṁ dve satāni, bhikkhūnaṁ sikkhāpadāni, sataṁ sattati chacceva, ubhinnaṁ asādhāraṇā, tāni asīti gāmikasahassāni — not dasa, dasadasakā purisā |
| {390} | Catūpapadassa lopo tuttarapadādicassa cucopi navā |
tu of catu elided and its ca becomes cu, co, in some places |
imamhi khandhake vatthū ekūnavīsati, vattā cuddasa, ito satta tato satta, saṁsārāni catuddasa, cuddasa, coddasa |
| {391} | Yadanupapannā nipātanā sijjhanti |
forms not reached by a rule are established by direct statement | |
| {392} | Dvādito ko’nekattheca |
ka after dvi etc. in the sense of a group; and by nipātana |
ekenūna pañcasataṁ, ānandampi ca uccini, satassa dvikaṁ dvisataṁ, satassa tikaṁ tisataṁ, satassa catukkaṁ catusataṁ |
| {393} | Dasadasakaṁ sataṁ dasakānaṁ sataṁ sahassañca yomhi |
ten tens is sataṁ, a hundred tens sahassaṁ, before yo |
sataṁ hatthī sataṁ assā, sataṁ assatarīrathā, sahassaṁ bhikkhusaṁghaṁ cetasā ceto paricca ovadati, sataṁ, sahassaṁ |
| {394} | Yāva taduttari dasaguṇitañca |
and beyond these, each next number by multiplying by ten | rañño satasahassaṁ dehi, mayhaṁ satasahassaṁ, nahutāni hi koṭiyo pañca bhavanti, dvādasa koṭisatāni punaññā, dasassa gaṇanassa dasaguṇitaṁ katvā sataṁ, satassa dasaguṇitaṁ katvā sahassaṁ |
| {395} | Sakanāmehi |
[the higher numbers are formed] by their own names | seyyathāpi, bhikkhu, vīsati abbudā nirayā, evameko nirabbudo nirayo, saṁghagataṁ dakkhiṇaṁ asaṅkheyyaṁ appameyyaṁ vadāmi, satasahassānaṁ sataṁ koṭi, koṭisatasahassānaṁ sataṁ pakoṭi |
| {396} | Tesaṁ ṇo lopaṁ |
the ṇ of these suffixes is elided |
vāsiṭṭho diṭṭho hoti pārājikaṁ dhammaṁ ajjhāpajjanto, garuḷo pana venateyyo kimāha, ālasyaṁ anuṭṭhānaṁ bhogānaṁ paripantho, rogo bhavissati, ārogyaṁ bhavissati |
vuddhi (vowel strengthening) {400}–{405}
Section titled “vuddhi (vowel strengthening) {400}–{405}”| sutta | rule | summary | examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| {400} | Vuddhādisarassa vā’saṁyogantassa saṇe ca |
optionally vuddhi of the first vowel not before a conjunct, before a ṇ suffix |
ahampi kho, tāta, ābhidhammiko, tvampi ābhidhammiko, ābhidhammiko, venateyyo, vāsiṭṭho — not handa ko nu kho ayaṁ bhaggavo gato, bhaggavo |
| {401} | Māyūnamāgamo ṭhāne |
no vuddhi of initial i, u; the insertion of e, o in its place |
so dovāriko sālavatiyā gaṇikāya paccassosi, byākaraṇamadhīte veyyākaraṇiko, nyāyamadhīte neyyāyiko, byāvacchassa apaccaṁ veyyāvaccho |
| {402} | Āttañca |
and ā [for initial i, u], with ri inserted |
tathāgato āsabhaṁ ṭhānaṁ paṭijānāti, tattha katamo ajjavo, isissa bhāvo ārisyaṁ, iṇassa bhāvo āṇyaṁ — not devadatto āpāyiko nerayiko kappaṭṭho atekiccho, apāyesu jāto āpāyiko |
| {403} | Kvacādimajjhuttarānaṁ dīgharassā paccayesu ca |
sometimes first, middle and last [vowels] are lengthened or shortened, with or without a suffix | khantī paramaṁ tapo titikkhā, nibbānaṁ paramaṁ vadanti buddhā, bhovādi nāma so hoti, sace hoti sakiñcano, pageva manussitthiyā, pākāro nāma tayo pākārā— iṭṭhakāpākāro, silāpākāro, dārupākāro |
| {404} | Tesu vuddhilopāgamavikāraviparītādesā ca |
and in these, vuddhi, elision, insertion, modification, metathesis, replacement |
āyasmāpi dhaniyo kumbhakāraputto, ahaṁ, bhante, saññācikāya kuṭiṁ kattukāmo, antarāyiko dhammo vutto bhagavatā, kimidaṁ soppasi sūriye uggate |
| {405} | Ayuvaṇṇānañcāyo vuddhi |
the vuddhi of a, i, u is ā, e, o |
garuḷo pana venateyyo kimāha, ābhidhammiko, venateyyo, oḷumpiko |