E: `sandhi` Rules
sandhi rules from Kaccāyana {12}-{51}
- → = “becomes,” “changes into,” “results in.” ⎯ → ∅ = elision.
- ∅ → = insertion.
- / = “in the environment of.”
-
- = meeting.
#= word boundary.- [] = optionality (only after symbols).
- (V̆ ) = short vowel.
- (V̄ ) = long vowel.
- (C) = consonant.
- (CC) = double consonant.
“vowel → (V̄ ) [usually] / __ vowel [same class]”
says that any vowel (vowel) in the environment before another vowel (/ __ vowel) of the same class is usually lengthened (→ (V̄ ) [usually]).
| sutta | rule | before | after |
|---|---|---|---|
| {12} | Vowel → ∅ / __ vowel | yassa+indriyāni | yass’indriyāni samathaṅ’gatāni |
| hi+etaṁ | no he’taṁ bhante | ||
| sametu+āyasmā | sametā’yasmā saṁghena | ||
| {13} | Vowel / __ dissimilar vowel, dissimilar vowel → ∅ | cattāro+ime | cattāro’me Bhikkhave dhammā |
| kinnu+imā+eva | kinʼnu’mā’va samaṇiyo | ||
| (exception) | pañca+indriyāni | pañci’ndriyāni | |
| (exception) | tayo+assu | taya’ssu dhammā jahitā bhavanti | |
| {14} | a or ā→∅ [occasionally] / __ i or ī,i or ī→e | bandhussa+iva | bandhusse’va samāgamo |
| {14} | a or ā→∅ [occasionally] / __ u or ū,u or ū→o | na+upeti | saṅkhyaṁ • no’peti vedagū |
| (exception) | yassa+indriyāni | yassi’ndriyāni | |
| (exception) | tathā+upamaṁ | tathū’pamaṁ dhammavaraṁ adesayi | |
| {15} | Vowel → ∅ [occasionally] / __ vowel, vowel → (V̄) | saddhā+idha | saddhī’dha vittaṁ purisassa seṭṭhaṁ |
| ca+ubhayaṁ | anāgārehi •cū’bhayaṁ | ||
| (exception) | pañcahi+upāli | pañcahu’pāli aṅgehi samannāgato | |
| (exception) | natthi+aññaṁ kiñci | nattha’ññaṁ kiñci | |
| {16} | Vowel (V̆) → (V̄) [occasionally] / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | kiṁsu+idha | kiṁsū’dha vittaṁ purisassa seṭṭhaṁ |
| sādhu+iti | sādhū’ti paṭissuṇitvā | ||
| (exception) | iti+assa muhuttaṁ+api | iti’ssa muhuttam’pi | |
| {17} | e[of me,te,ke,ye etc.]→y /__a followed by (CC) / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | te+assa | tyā’ssa pahīnā honti |
| {17} | e[of me,te,ke,ye etc.]→y / __ a followed by (C), a → (V̄) / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | me+ayaṁ | adhigato kho • myā’yaṁ dhammo |
| te+ahaṁ | yā’haṁ evaṁ vadeyyaṁ | ||
| (exception) | ne+anāgatā | ne’nāgatā | |
| (exception) | na+ettha | iti ne’ttha | |
| {18} | o → v [occasionally] / __ dissimilar vowel | kho+assa | atha • khva’ssa |
| so+assa | sva’ssa hoti | ||
| (exception) | cattāro+ime | cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā | |
| {18} | u → v [occasionally] / __ dissimilar vowel | bahu+ābādho | bahvā’bādho |
| vatthu+ettha | vatthve’ttha vihitaṁ niccaṁ | ||
| cakkhu+āpāthaṁ+āgacchati | cakkhvā’pātha’māgacchati | ||
| (exception) | kinnu+imā’va | kinnumā’va samaṇiyo | |
| {19} | ti → c [occasionally], c → cc | iti+etaṁ | icce’taṁ kusalaṁ |
| iti+assa | icca’ssa vacanīyaṁ | ||
| pati+uttaritvā | paccu’ttaritvā | ||
| pati+āharati | paccā’harati | ||
| (exception) | iti+assa muhuttaṁ+api | iti’ssa muhuttam’pi | |
| {20} | dh → d [occasionally] / after elision of a vowel (and dh → h) | ekaṁ+idha+ahaṁ | ekam’idā’haṁ Bhikkhave samayaṁ |
| sādhu | sāhu dassanam’ariyānaṁ | ||
| (exception) | idha+eva | idh’eva (me) maraṇaṁ bhavissati | |
| {21} | i or ī → y [occasionally] / __ dissimilar vowel | vutti+assa | vuty’assa |
| vi+añjanaṁ | vyañjanaṁ, byañjanaṁ | ||
| (exception) | pañcahi+aṅgehi | pañcah’aṅgehi samannāgato | |
| {22} | e [of eva after yathā, tathā] → ri [occasionally], preceding (V̄) → (V̆) | yathā+eva | yathariva vasudhātalañ’ca sabbaṁ |
| tathā+eva | tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo | ||
| (exception) | yathā+eva | yath’eva | |
| {23} | vowel → unchanged / __ (C) | mano+pubbaṅgamā | manopubbaṅgamā dhammā |
| pamādo+maccuno | pamādo maccuno padaṁ | ||
| {24} | vowel → unchanged [occasionally] / __ vowel | ko+imaṁ | ko imaṁ pathaviṁ vicessati |
| (exception) | appassuto+ayaṁ | appassutā’yaṁ puriso | |
| {25} | (V̆) → (V̄) [occasionally] / __ (C) | muni+care | evaṁ gāme munī care |
| khanti+paramaṁ | khantī paramaṁ tapo titikkhā | ||
| (exception) | idha+modati | idha modati pecca modati | |
| {26} | (V̄) → (V̆) [occasionally] / __ (C) | bhovādī+nāma | bhovādi nāma so hoti |
| yathābhāvī+guṇena | yathābhāvi guṇena so | ||
| (exception) | sammā+samādhi | sammāsamādhi | |
| {27} | o [of so, eso] → a / __ (C) | so+gacchaṁ | sa gacchaṁ na nivattati |
| eso+dhammo | esa dhammo sanantano | ||
| {28} | (C) → (CC) / (V̆) __ [in the proper place] | idha+pamādo | idhappamādo |
| vi+payutto | vippayutto | ||
| su+pasanno | suppasanno | ||
| {29} | (CC) of an aspirate → the group’s first or third letter + the aspirate (kkh, ggh …) | pa+gharati | paggharati |
| u+ghāṭeti | ugghāṭeti | ||
| du+ghoso | dugghoso | ||
| {30} | aṁ → ṁ (niggahīta) / __ (C) | evaṁ+vutte | evaṁ vutte |
| taṁ+sādhu | taṁ sādhū’ti paṭissuṇitvā | ||
| {31} | ṁ → nasal of the following group [optionally] / __ (C) [grouped] | taṇhaṁ+karo | taṇhaṅkaro |
| raṇaṁ+jaho | raṇañjaho | ||
| saṁ+ṭhito | saṇṭhito | ||
| jutiṁ+dharo | jutindharo | ||
| saṁ+mato | sammato | ||
| {32} | ṁ → ñ / __ e, h | taṁ+eva | taññ’eva |
| taṁ+hi | tañhi tassa | ||
| (exception) | evaṁ+etaṁ | evam’etaṁ abhiññāya | |
| {33} | ṁ+y → ññ | saṁ+yogo | saññogo |
| saṁ+yato | saññato | ||
| yaṁ+yad’eva | yaññad’eva | ||
| {34} | ṁ → m or d / __ vowel | taṁ+ahaṁ | tam’ahaṁ brūmi brāhmaṇaṁ |
| yaṁ+āhu | yam’āhu | ||
| etaṁ+avoca | etad’avoca satthā | ||
| {35} | ∅ → y, v, m, d, n, t, r, l [as usage requires] | yathā+idaṁ | yathayidaṁ |
| ti+aṅgikaṁ | tivaṅgikaṁ | ||
| garu+essati | garumessati | ||
| atta+attho | attadattho | ||
| ito+āyati | itonāyati | ||
| yasmā+iha | yasmātiha | ||
| sabbhi+eva | sabbhireva | ||
| cha+abhiññā | chaḷabhiññā | ||
| (exception) | kenaci+atthakāmena | kenaci atthakāmena | |
| {36} | a → o [occasionally] / __ (C) | para+sataṁ | parosataṁ |
| para+sahassaṁ | parosahassaṁ | ||
| (exception) | passatha+imaṁ | etha passath’imaṁ lokaṁ | |
| {37} | ∅ → ṁ [occasionally] / vowel __ | cakkhu+udapādi | cakkhuṁ udapādi |
| ava+siro | avaṁsiro | ||
| aṇu+thūlāni | aṇuṁthūlāni | ||
| {38} | ṁ → ∅ [occasionally] / __ vowel | tāsaṁ+ahaṁ | tāsāhaṁ |
| vidūnaṁ+aggaṁ | vidūnaggaṁ | ||
| evaṁ+ahaṁ | evāhaṁ | ||
| (exception) | etaṁ+atthaṁ | etam’atthaṁ viditvāna | |
| {39} | ṁ → ∅ [occasionally] / __ (C) | ariyasaccānaṁ+dassanaṁ | ariyasaccāna dassanaṁ |
| buddhānaṁ+sāsanaṁ | buddhāna sāsanaṁ | ||
| (exception) | maṅgalaṁ+uttamaṁ | etaṁ maṅgalam’uttamaṁ | |
| {40} | vowel → ∅ [optionally] / ṁ __ | kataṁ+iti | katan’ti |
| kiṁ+iti | kin’ti | ||
| abhinanduṁ+iti | abhinandun’ti | ||
| (exception) | ahaṁ+eva | aham’eva nūna bālo | |
| {41} | (CC) → (C) after that elision (the conjunct is split) | evaṁ+assa | evaṁ’sa |
| pupphaṁ+assā | pupphaṁ’sā | ||
| (exception) | evaṁ+assa | evam’assa | |
| {42} | ∅ → g [occasionally] / putha __ vowel | putha+eva | puthag’eva |
| {43} | pā → pa [+ g] / __ eva | pā+eva | pag’eva |
| {44} | abhi → abbh / __ vowel | abhi+akkhānaṁ | abbh’akkhānaṁ |
| abhi+udīritaṁ | abbh’udīritaṁ | ||
| {45} | adhi → ajjh / __ vowel | adhi+upagato | ajjh’upagato |
| adhi+okāso | ajjh’okāso | ||
| {46} | abhi, adhi → unchanged [optionally] / __ i or ī | abhi+icchitaṁ | abhicchitaṁ |
| adhi+īritaṁ | adhīritaṁ | ||
| (exception) | abhi+īritaṁ | abbhīritaṁ | |
| {47} | ati → unchanged / __ i or ī (no change to acc) | ati+isigaṇo | atīsigaṇo |
| (exception) | ati+antaṁ | accantaṁ | |
| {48} | pati → paṭi [occasionally] | pati+aggi | paṭaggi |
| pati+haññati | paṭihaññati | ||
| (exception) | pati+attaṁ | paccattaṁ | |
| {49} | putha → puthu / __ (C) | putha+jano | puthujjano |
| putha+bhūtaṁ | puthubhūtaṁ | ||
| {50} | ava → o [optionally] | ava+kāso | okāso |
| ava+naddho | onaddho | ||
| ava+vadati | ovadati | ||
| ava+sānaṁ | osānaṁ | ||
| {51} | forms not taught individually → by analogy with the rules stated | taṁ+imināpi | tad’amināpi |
| pariyudāhāsi | payirudāhāsi | ||
| ariyassa | ayirassa |
Rules {12}–{51} are Kaccāyana’s Sandhikappa: {12}–{22} the vowel sandhi, {23}–{27} vowels kept, lengthened, shortened or changed, {28}–{29} consonants, {30}–{41} the niggahīta (ṁ), {42}–{51} the prefixes and the rest. The “before” column gives the words as they stand apart, the “after” column Kaccāyana’s example as it is found in the texts. The full rules with their vutti and derivations are at https://kaccayana.github.io/kaccayana/1-sandhikappa.