About 𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀯𑀘𑀦

𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀯𑀘𑀦 is buddhavacana (in Brahmi script)

buddhavacana is a Pāḷi word meaning “the word (or the utterance) of the Buddha.”

Note

Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Pāḷi to English on this website are done by me.

Brahmi script is one of the earliest scripts known to India. It came into existence in the form of stone inscriptions during the reign of Asoka, in 4th - 3rd century BCE. Buddhist scriptures inscribed in Brahmi have been found in a collection of manuscripts in caves in Bamiyan (eastern Afghanistan), Gandhara in 1993-95. These are among the earliest surviving Buddhist scriptures that have been discovered.

This website documents my journey reading and studying Buddhist texts, from the Pāḷi Canon (Tipiṭaka) and other texts, but also from various books and articles on Buddhism. It also currently contains some Pāḷi learning resources, such as my Pāḷi dictionary and textbook. Lately I have also started to include Sanskrit texts from a wider corpus. My knowledge of Sanskrit is not as strong as my knowledge of Pāḷi, so please forgive the higher propensity for errors appearing in my Sanskrit to English translations.

This website also allows me to explore my thoughts on what the Buddha may have meant in his teachings, alternative views, and how Buddhism has developed over time. Lately, I have been exploring a larger collection of Buddhist texts and teachings from various traditions.

Caution

I do not vouch for the truth of the contents in this website. I also do not claim that I have accurately represented the Buddha’s intention or the meaning of what he taught. I may revise the content from time to time as my understanding improves.

This website is created out of a need to document my learning progress, that I can reference from time to time to refresh my understanding.

Specifically, this is not a website intended to guide or teach others. In reading this website, you acknowledge that you are interested in understanding my current perspective, and it is not a recommendation or an exhortation for you.

From 7D/3.12 Veḷuvagāmavassūpagamana #351

𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀳𑀸𑀦𑀦𑁆𑀤, 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀤𑀻𑀧𑀸 𑀯𑀺𑀳𑀭𑀣 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑀭𑀡𑀸 𑀅𑀦𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀲𑀭𑀡𑀸, 𑀥𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀤𑀻𑀧𑀸 𑀥𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀲𑀭𑀡𑀸 𑀅𑀦𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀲𑀭𑀡𑀸𑁇

Tasmātihānanda, attadīpā viharatha attasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā, dhammadīpā dhammasaraṇā anaññasaraṇā.

Therefore, Ānanda, live relying on yourself as your own island, relying on yourself as your own refuge, relying on the Dhamma as your island, relying on the Dhamma as your refuge, not relying on anyone else.

The World Tipiṭaka Edition

All references to the Pāḷi Tipiṭaka in this website are links to The World Tipiṭaka Edition - “The Buddhist Era 2500 Great International Council Pāḷi Tipiṭaka, Roman Script 2005” (Mahāsaṅgīti Tipiṭaka Buddhavasse 2500).

The World Tipiṭaka Edition is a complete 40-volume Roman-script edition of the 25-century old teaching of the Buddhist Theravāda tradition in the Pāḷi language from the B.E. 2500 (1957) Great International Buddhist Council.

It is derived from the Chaṭṭhasaṅgīti Council Edition, the Pāḷi-language text in Burmese Script, the result of the Great International Tipiṭaka Council convened in B.E. 2500 (1957) at Yangon by 2,500 erudite Theravāda Buddhist monks from all over the world.

There was initially a website version of The World Tipiṭaka Edition that was sadly decommissioned, but fortunately an archive of the contents was preserved as a Github repository by Yuttadhammo Bhikkhu. I have converted this archive into a modern website in 2025 and it can now be accessed here.

Who Am I?

Little Buddhas, photo taken at Nan Tien Temple in 2014 on 7 January 2015 using a Sony ⍺7R and Zeiss 35mm lens.

My name is Chris Tham. I discovered Buddhism in my early teens, whilst visiting Singapore during a school vacation. An uncle took us to a Buddhist temple, and afterwards gave me a book called “What Buddhists Believe” by Dr K Sri Dhammananda. I read the whole book overnight and it all made sense to me, so I informally became a Buddhist after that.

Much later on, I stumbled upon another book called “The Buddha’s Explanation of the Universe” by C.P. Ranasinghe which purports to explain in greater detail “Life, the Universe, and Everything” from a Buddhist perspective. These were taken from the Abhidhamma section of the Tipiṭaka. I wanted to study the original texts directly but at that time translations to English were not easily available. For years, I asked anyone who was visiting India or Sri Lanka to buy me books on the Abhidhamma and over the years I have collected a few works but never the discourses themselves.

I have spent the last several years learning Pāḷi and am now finally able to read the Pāḷi canon and translate it into English. I have created a brand new translation of selections from the Tipiṭaka now available on tidipa.github.io. I have also started reading Buddhist texts in Sanskrit from other traditions outside the Pāḷi canon. As I am not a Buddhist, I don’t feel compelled to only follow texts from one tradition and I feel I will have a better understanding of the Buddha’s teachings by sampling from multiple traditions.

Note

On the writing and translation style

These days, we are increasingly becoming inundated with AI-generated content. It is important to preserve and maintain a human “authenticity” in what gets published. Most of the content on this website is handcrafted by me, so the writing reflects my personal style and there may likely be spelling and grammatical errors. I wish to apologise for that in advance.

I often mix singular and plural forms in the same sentence by mistake, as well as present and past tenses, which annoys me and I suspect it annoys you too. I am often careless with getting diacritics correct with Pāḷi and Sanskrit words, and it doesn’t help that some of these words have also entered the English vocabulary without the diacritics, for example “nirvana” vs [S]nirvāṇa, “sutra” vs [S]sūtra etc. I also sometimes present Pāḷi and Sanskrit [S] words in first inflection (nominative form), and sometimes in so-called “plain form” or as “lemmas”. My preference is for the nominative form, but this is not common practice and sometimes I bow to using the plain form, especially in cases where I am not translating but presenting the words representing themselves. I apologise for the inconsistency.

I sometimes use AI to assist me in summarising other people’s content - when I do so I will put in a disclaimer that the text has been generated by an AI model.

With regards to translations, I have a unique translation style which I have not seen elsewhere. First of all, I tend to retain Buddhist technical terms (and I provide the nearest English equivalent within parentheses after the technical term). I also use my own English equivalents rather than relying on popular renditions.

For example, instead of “four noble truths” I will use cattāri ariyasaccāni (four realisations). As explained by K. R. Norman and Peter Harvey, the four “truths” are not “noble”, but they are the truths of the Noble Ones (who are awakened, liberated, etc.). Also, these are not “universal” or “self-evident” truths but experienced realisations. Rather than using the long-winded term “four realisations of the awakened ones” I simply say “four realisations.”

Also, rather than saying “five grasping aggregates” I will use pañcupādānakkhandhā (“five collections acting as fuel”, or simply, “five collections”). The word upādāna means “fuel” and according to Richard Gombrich was intended as a reference to the Third Discourse (the parable on burning).

I also dislike some terms used by other translators, such as “cankers”, “taints”, “defilements” for āsavā (I use “non-optimal flows”) - I feel it is important not to use emotive or ethicised words to refer to thoughts and mental conditions, however some flows will lead to extinguishment, others lead away from extinguishment. I also dislike the words “conditioned” and “unconditioned” and prefer to refer to saṅkhato as “constructed” and asaṅkhato as “unconstructed” since the literal meaning of saṅkhato is “put together.” In any case, āsavā and saṅkhato are probably late concepts as they are not mentioned in the early discourses.

I understand that you may find my translation irritating and you may disagree with my rendition of various Buddhist terms. I do not apologise for this. At the very least, I hope you will appreciate that my translations are not generated by AI and not reliant on other translations but represent my unique perspective and understanding of the Buddha’s teachings.

Technical details regarding this website

• This website is hosted on Github using Github Pages.
• It is built from Markdown and MDX using Astro 7 and the Starlight documentation theme, with Sätteri as the Markdown processor. It is deployed by a GitHub Actions workflow on every push, and package management is by pnpm.
• Search is provided by Pagefind, and pages are tagged using starlight-tags. Each page’s created and last updated dates come from its git history, and reading times are calculated with reading-time.
• Diagrams are created primarily using Mermaid, with some use of PlantUML.
• Each page has a graph view of the links between pages (drawn with PixiJS and d3-force) and a list of backlinks, in the style of Quartz. Links show a preview popover on hover (positioned with Floating UI), and there is a reader mode that hides the sidebars.
• The Pāḷi Textbook uses custom Markdown plugins: citations such as {344} become links to the corresponding rule of Kaccāyana on kaccayana.github.io, and endings code blocks are rendered as small bar charts of word-ending frequencies.
• Pages are prefetched on hover for fast navigation, and social images, descriptions and JSON-LD for search engines are generated from each page’s frontmatter.
• The fonts are Noto Sans and Noto Sans Mono, loaded through Astro’s font API. Spelling is checked with cspell.
• The website colour scheme is based on Rosely.
• All photographs on this website are taken by me, or on behalf of me on my camera. Other images are credited to the sources.

History of this website

This website was originally a single page on my personal website. Over time, I decided I should really make it a sub-site with its own content and navigation.

The website was originally written in Markdown using the Hugo static site generator and the Docsy framework. At the time, I was fairly new to web development, and chose a stack that I thought would be relatively easy to learn and maintain.

How wrong I was! Hugo was a nightmare to learn, and difficult to create content in. Any customisation required understanding the inner workings of Docsy and mastering Hugo intricacies.

I thought of redeploying it as a document website using something like Docusaurus or Gitbook, but realised I wanted more functionality and would have to customise these as well.

In the meantime, I started learning about the concept of a Second Brain through Reasonable Deviations. I started using Obsidian as an editor and I started searching for Obsidian plugins that will allow me to publish Obsidian pages.

I also started developing my own Second Brain framework, as I found existing methodologies such as Zettelkasten limiting.

Given Obsidian is a Markdown editor and my published pages will all be in Markdown, I started treating Markdown as the One True Document Format, so I started to convert all my existing source content, usually PDFs, ePubs but occasionally other formats, into Markdown.

Converting everything into Markdown makes it easier for me to read content, as I don’t have to deal with multiple fonts, e-book readers, page and screen sizes. I can just focus on reading the text as a continuous scroll.

The new website is written using Astro and the Starlight documentation plugin. I edit text using a combination of Obsidian and Visual Studio Code, on a private vault before transferring finished content to the website repository.

Support Me

Tip

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