Tagged: kāraka
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4: Grammar: Noun roles (`kāraka`)
1Various meanings and usage-rules of word endings in sentences after `vibhatti` has been applied {271}-{315}
4.1: apādāna (the source, ⑤)
2A noun with the ⑤ ending names the point something moves away from, comes from, is kept from or arises from: the `apādāna` {271}–{275}, which takes the ⑤ ending {295}, and the cause of what follows {296}.
4.2: sampadāna (the recipient, ④)
3The one something is given to, done for, said to or wished for takes the ④ ending: `samaṇassa cīvaraṁ dadāti`, "[he] gives a robe to the wanderer". Kaccāyana's definition of the recipient (`sampadāna`) {276}–{277}, the uses of its ending {293}–{294}, and the ⑦ ending used in its place {311}.
4.3: okāsa (the place or time, ⑦)
4A word with the ⑦ ending names where, or when, an action happens: `sāvatthiyaṁ viharati jetavane`, "[he] dwells at Sāvatthī, in Jeta's Grove". The `okāsa` (location) and its four kinds {278}, the ⑦ ending for it {302}, for a time and for an event that sets the time {313}, and its rarer senses {310}–{312}, {314}–{315}.
4.4: karaṇa (the means, ③)
5The thing an action is done with, `dattena` ("with a sickle"), is the `karaṇa` (the instrument) and takes the ③ ending {279}, {286}. The same ending marks the companion after `saha`, the doer of a passive verb, a cause, a time, a defective limb and a distinguishing attribute {287}–{292}.
4.5: kamma (the object, ②)
6The ② ending marks the `kamma`, the object: whatever is made, seen, heard or reached {280}, {297}. The same ending measures a time or a distance that an action fills {298}, goes with a governing particle {299} or a "makes someone do" verb {300}, and in a few places stands where another ending is expected {306}–{307}.
4.6: kattā and hetu (Agent and Causer)
7The one who does the action (`kattā`, the agent) takes the ① ending with an active verb and the ③ ending, "by", with a passive one {281}, {284}, {288}; the one who makes another act (`hetu`, the causer) takes the ① ending with a causative verb {282}.
4.7: sāmī (the owner, ⑥)
8The ⑥ ending marks the owner, the "of" or "'s" of English: `tassa bhikkhuno patto` is "that monk's bowl" {283}, {301}. The same ending goes with words such as `sāmī` (owner) and `kusala` (skilled) {303}, marks the group a thing is singled out from {304} and a person whose doing is disregarded {305}, and in some places stands in for the ③, ⑦, ② and ⑤ endings {308}–{309}.
4.8: liṅgattha and ālapana (the bare noun and the calling form, ① and ⓪)
9The two uses of the ① ending that name no `kāraka`: a word that simply names its thing, `puriso` ("a man") {284}, and a word that calls the person spoken to, `bho purisa` ("sir, man!"), which this book marks ⓪ {285}. Chapter 1 gives the names other grammars use for them.
Johannes Bronkhorst - Language and Reality
10This summary is generated by AI (Google Gemini 2.5 Pro).