Aspects of Early Buddhism

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This summary is generated by Google Gemini Pro 2.5 based on the book’s content and may not capture all nuances. For a complete understanding, please refer to the original work.

• Theravāda Buddhism denies a permanent self (attā), raising the question of what transmigrates. The Buddha refuted the idea that it is consciousness (viññāṇa), stating that consciousness arises from conditions as part of the twelve-fold chain of dependant origination (paṭicca-samuppāda).
• The paṭicca-samuppāda chain traces the cause of suffering (old age and death) back through links like birth, existence, craving, and ultimately to ignorance (avijjā). Destroying ignorance with knowledge (vijjā) breaks the chain, leading to release (nibbāna) from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra).
• Accounts of the Buddha’s awakening (bodhi) vary. The shortest version focuses on the attainment of nibbāna without detailing the method. The Mahāsaccakasutta adds that the Buddha progressed through four meditative states (jhānas) and gained three knowledges: of his past lives, of the karma of others, and of the destruction of the defilements (āsavas).
• The Buddha’s first teaching was on the Four Noble Truths about misery (dukkha), with the fourth truth being the Eight-Fold Path to end misery. This path is presented as a way to nibbāna but differs from the method of jhānas and destruction of āsavas described in the accounts of his own awakening.
• The destruction of the āsavas (lust, becoming, ignorance) is a key concept, and “one whose āsavas are destroyed” (khīnāsava) is a common term for an enlightened being (arahat). The original meaning of āsava may have been closer to “karmic formations” (sañkhāras), with the emphasis later shifting to the concept of dukkha.
• There are apparent contradictions in the texts, such as the Buddha learning advanced meditative states (arūpa-jhānas) from teachers before his awakening, yet later recalling the first basic jhāna from his boyhood as the path forward. This suggests the different sets of jhānas were likely originally separate meditative systems.
• A ninth meditative state, the “cessation of feelings and perceptions” (saññāvedayitanirodha), is also mentioned as a way to destroy the āsavas. However, the account of the Buddha’s death shows him entering this state but then returning to the fourth jhāna to attain final nibbāna, indicating they are not identical.
• Nibbāna is described in negative terms as the opposite of worldly existence: it is blissful, unmoving, undying, unborn, and uncompounded (asańkhata).
• There are two types of nibbāna: one achieved during life with the physical body remaining (sa-upādisesā), and the final one at death which ends rebirth (anupādisesā).
• Since Buddhism denies a permanent soul and defines an individual as a temporary collection of five aggregates (khandhas), the attainment of nibbāna involves the cessation of these compounded elements, leaving only the uncompounded. The resulting state cannot be described, similar to a fire that has gone out but is not annihilated.