Sentence examples (padamañjarī)

Legend

symbol	meaning	explanation
	vākya	sentence
	pada, vacana	word
	nāma	noun
	ākhyāta	verb
🚹	pulliṅga	major (masculine) gender
🚻	napuṁsakaliṅga	special (neuter) gender
🚺	itthiliṅga	minor (feminine) gender
⚧	sabbaliṅga	all genders
⨀	ekavacana	singular
⨂	bahuvacana	plural
🟢	parassapada	active voice
🔵	attanopada	middle voice - impersonal
🔴	kammapada	passive
⨀	ekavacana	singular
⨂	bahuvacana	plural
🤟	paṭhama purisa	first person, equivalent to ‘third person’ in English
🤘	majjima purisa	middle person, equivalent to ‘second person’ in English
👆	uttama purisa	primary person, equivalent to ‘first person’ in English
⓪	ālapana	vocative
①	paṭhamā	first case (nominative)
②	dutiyā	second case (accusative)
③	tatiyā	third case (instrumental)
④	catutthī	fourth case (dative)
⑤	pañcamī	fifth case (ablative)
⑥	chaṭṭhī	sixth case (genitive)
⑦	sattamī	seventh case (locative)
⏏️	nipāta	particle
🔼	upasagga	prefix
🆎	samāsa	compound noun
🔽	taddhita	affix
▶️	vattamāna	present
⏹	piñcamī	imperative
⏯	sattamī	potential
🔄	parokkhā	perfect
↩️	hiyyattanī	imperfect
⏮	ajjatanī	aorist
⏭	bhavissanti	future
🔀	kālātipatti	conditional
⏪	atītakiriyā	past participle
⏬	missakiriyā	present participle
⏩	kicca	future participle
⏫	pubbakiriyā	gerund (absolutive)

Equational

classDiagram
  class sentence["devo amanusso hoti"] {
    <>
    english(The deva is not human)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class devo {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(deity)
    }
    class amanusso {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(not human)
    }
  }
  class hoti {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(is)
  }
  sentence *-- devo : kattar
  sentence *-- amanusso : vāccaliṅga
  sentence *-- hoti: kiriya

Intransitive (agent-action)

classDiagram
  class sentence["devo cavati"] {
    <>
    english(The god dies)
  }
  class devo {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(deity)
  }
  class cavati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(dies)
  }
  sentence *-- devo : kattar
  sentence *-- cavati: akammaka

Transitive (agent-patient-action)

classDiagram
  class sentence["upāsako pattaṃ āharati"] {
    <>
    english(The lay disciple brings the bowl)
  }
  class upāsako {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(lay disciple)
  }
  class pattaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀②
    english(bowl)
  }
  class āharati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(brings)
  }
  sentence *-- upāsako : kattar
  sentence *-- pattaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- āharati: sakammaka

Bi-transitive (patient y-patient x-action)

classDiagram
  class sentence["upāsakaṃ brāhmānaṃ dhāreti"] {
    <>
    english([He] accepts the priest as a lay disciple)
  }
  class upāsakaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀②
    english(lay disciple)
  }
  class brāhmānaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀②
    english(brahmin)
  }
  class dhāreti {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(accepts X as Y)
  }
  sentence *-- upāsakaṃ : kamma y
  sentence *-- brāhmānaṃ : kamma x
  sentence *-- dhāreti: dvikammaka

yena … tena

classDiagram
  class sentence["yena mahāmatto tena upasaṃkamanti"] {
    <>
    english(By where the minister [is], by there [they] approach)
  }
  namespace yenatena {
    class yena {
      <>
      ③
      english(by where)
    }
    class mahāmatto {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(minister)
    }
    class tena {
      <>
      ③
      english(by there)
    }
  }
  class upasaṃkamanti {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨂🤟▶️
    english(approach)
  }
  sentence *-- yena
  sentence *-- mahāmatto
  yena <-- mahāmatto : kattar
  yena --> tena
  sentence *-- tena : kamma
  sentence *-- upasaṃkamanti: kiriya

sequenceDiagram
  they ->> place : approach
  place ->> minister : by where
  minister ->> place : by there

Past (Aorist)

Historical or “narrative” past

classDiagram
  class sentence["dhammaṃ desesiṃ"] {
    <>
    english([I] taught the dhamma)
  }
  class dhammaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀②
    english(the dhamma)
  }
  class desesiṃ {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆⏮
    english([I] taught)
  }
  sentence *-- dhammaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- desesiṃ: ajjatanī

Personal Names

classDiagram
  class sentence["Uttaro nāma putto ahosi"] {
    <>
    english([There] was a son by name Uttara)
  }
  namespace kamma {
    class Uttaro {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(Uttara)
    }
    class nāma {
      <>
      english(by name)
    }
    class putto {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(son)
    }
  }
  class ahosi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏮
    english(was)
  }
  Uttaro --> nāma
  sentence *-- Uttaro : nāmanāma
  sentence *-- nāma : guṇanāma
  sentence *-- putto : kamma
  sentence *-- ahosi: ajjatanī

Agreement of Verb and Agent

When a verb has two or more agents, it usually agrees with the sum of the agents and is plural.

classDiagram
  class sentence["Reṇu ca rājaputto Jotipālo ca mānavo sahāyā ahesuṃ"] {
    <>
    english(Prince Reṇu and Jotipāla the Mānava [young priest, descendant of Mānu] were friends)
  }
  namespace kattar1 {
    class Reṇu {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(Reṇu)
    }
    class ca1["ca"] {
      <>
      english(and)
    }
    class rājaputto {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(prince)
    }
  }
  namespace kattar2 {
    class Jotipālo {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(Jotipāla)
    }
    class ca2["ca"] {
      <>
      english(and)
    }
    class mānavo {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(mānava)
    }
  }
  class sahāyā {
    <>
    🚹⨂②
    english(friends)
  }
  class ahesuṃ {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨂🤟⏮
    english(were)
  }
  sentence *-- Reṇu : nāmanāma
  sentence *-- ca1 : samuccaya
  sentence *-- rājaputto : kattar
  sentence *-- Jotipālo : nāmanāma
  sentence *-- ca2 : samuccaya
  sentence *-- mānavo : kattar
  sentence *-- sahāyā : kamma
  sentence *-- ahesuṃ: kiriya

Personal pronouns

classDiagram
  class sentence["ahaṃ asmi brahmā issaro"] {
    <>
    english(I am the Lord God)
  }
  class ahaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀①👆
    english(I)
  }
  class asmi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆▶️
    english([I] am)
  }
  namespace kamma {
    class brahmā {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(God)
    }
    class issaro {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(Lord)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- asmi: kiriya
  sentence *-- brahmā : kamma
  sentence *-- issaro : kamma

”Anaphoric” demonstrative pronoun

“that”, “it”: Refers back to someone or something previously mentioned in a narrative.

Pronoun of absence: speak of someone or something in a story and therefore not present to the listeners.

classDiagram
  class sentence["mayaṃ taṃ bhagavantaṃ avocuṃha"] {
    <>
    english(We said that to the Blessed One)
  }
  class mayaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨂①👆
    english(We)
  }
  class taṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤟②
    english(that)
  }
  class bhagavantaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀②
    english(Blessed One)
  }
  class avocuṃha {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨂👆⏮
    english(said)
  }
  sentence *-- mayaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- taṃ : kamma 1
  sentence *-- bhagavantaṃ : kamma 2
  sentence *-- avocuṃha: dvikammaka

”Diectic” demonstrative pronoun

“this”, “it”: Refers to present object or person.

Pronoun of presence: referring to someone or something present

classDiagram
  class sentence["eso Mahārāja Bhagavā"] {
    <>
    english(Mahārāja, this is the Bhagavā [Blessed One])
  }
  class eso {
    <>
    🚹⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class Mahārāja {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(that)
  }
  class Bhagavā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(Blessed One)
  }
  sentence *-- eso : kattar
  sentence *-- Mahārāja : ālapana
  sentence *-- Bhagavā : kattar

Emphasise a nearer object

classDiagram
  class sentence["idaṃ avoca Bhagavā"] {
    <>
    english(The Bhagavā said this)
  }
  class idaṃ {
    <>
    🚻⨀🤟②
    english(this)
  }
  class avoca {
    <<ākhyāta>>
    ⨀🤟⏮
    english(said)
  }
  class Bhagavā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(Blessed One)
  }
  sentence *-- idaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- avoca : ākhyāta
  sentence *-- Bhagavā : kattar

Emphatic assertion

classDiagram
  class sentence["atthi kayo"] {
    <>
    english(There is a body)
  }
  class atthi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(There is)
  }
  class kayo {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(body)
  }
  sentence *-- atthi: ākhyāta
  sentence *-- kayo : kattar

Negation

classDiagram
  class sentence["tvaṃ na passasi"] {
    <>
    english(You do not see)
  }
  class tvaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤘①
    english(You)
  }
  class na {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  class passasi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤘▶️
    english(see)
  }
  sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- na : nipāta
  sentence *-- passasi: ākhyāta

Prohibition or negative injunction

Used with second person in aorist tense (but loses time reference and can apply to present or future)

classDiagram
  class sentence["mā paridevesi"] {
    <>
    english(Don't grieve)
  }
  class mā {
    <>
    english(do not)
  }
  class paridevesi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤘⏮
    english(grieved)
  }
  sentence *-- mā : nipāta
  sentence *-- paridevesi: ākhyāta

Wish

Used with third person in aorist tense - appears regularly in polite address

classDiagram
  class sentence["mā h'eva rājā kālam akāsi"] {
    <>
    english(May the king not die)
  }
  class mā["mā h'eva"] {
    <>
    english(do not)
  }
  class rājā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(king)
  }
  class kālam {
    <>
    🚹⨀② 
    english(time)
  }
  class akāsi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏮
    english(made)
  }
  sentence *-- mā : nipāta
  sentence *-- rājā : kattar
  sentence *-- kālam : kamma
  sentence *-- akāsi: ākhyāta

Double Negation

Equivalent to a strong affirmation

classDiagram
  class sentence["mā h'eva kho kumāro na rajjaṃ kāresi"] {
    <>
    english(Don't let the prince not rule the kingdom)
  }
  class mā["mā h'eva"] {
    <>
    english(do not)
  }
  class kho {
    <>
    english(indeed)
  }
  class kumāro {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(prince)
  }
  class na {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  class rajjaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀② 
    english(kingdom)
  }
  class kāresi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏮
    english(rule)
  }
  sentence *-- mā : nipāta
  sentence *-- kho : nipāta
  sentence *-- kumāro : kattar
  sentence *-- na : nipāta
  sentence *-- rajjaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- kāresi: ākhyāta

Vocative

Nominative of address, used enclitically

classDiagram
  class sentence["na tvaṃ deva vañcemi"] {
    <>
    english(I don't deceive you, O King)
  }
  class na {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  class tvaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤘①
    english(you)
  }
  class deva {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(O King)
  }
  class vañcemi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆⏮
    english([I] deceived)
  }
  sentence *-- na : nipāta
  sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- deva : ālapana
  sentence *-- vañcemi: ākhyāta

Imperative (command)

classDiagram
  class sentence["ehi tvaṃ purisa"] {
    <>
    english(You must go, man)
  }
  class ehi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆⏹
    english([must] go)
  }
  class tvaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤘①
    english(you)
  }
  class purisa {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(man)
  }
  sentence *-- ehi: piñcamī
  sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- purisa : ālapana

Imperative (invitation or wish)

classDiagram
  class sentence["etu bhagavā"] {
    <>
    english(Let the Blessed One come)
  }
  class etu {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆⏹
    english([must] come)
  }
  class bhagavā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(Blessed One)
  }
  sentence *-- etu: piñcamī
  sentence *-- bhagavā : kattar

Imperative (don’t bother)

Let it be, never mind, let him not, don’t trouble

classDiagram
  class sentence["tiṭṭhatha tumhe"] {
    <>
    english(Don't you bother)
  }
  class tiṭṭhatha {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨂🤟⏹
    english(wait/remain)
  }
  class tumhe {
    <>
    ⚧⨂🤟①
    english(you)
  }
  sentence *-- tiṭṭhatha: piñcamī
  sentence *-- tumhe : kattar

Respectful address

classDiagram
  class sentence["nisidatu bhagavā"] {
    <>
    english(Let the Fortunate One sit down)
  }
  class nisidatu {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀👆⏹
    english([must] sit)
  }
  class bhagavā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(Blessed One)
  }
  sentence *-- nisidatu: piñcamī
  sentence *-- bhagavā : kattar

Quotation

Short vowel preceeding ti is lengthened, and ṃ changed to n

classDiagram
  class sentence["evaṃ devā ti"] {
    <>
    english('[It is] so, O King')
  }
  namespace quotation {
    class evaṃ {
      <>
      english(thus)
    }
    class deva {
      <>
      🚹⨀⓪
      english(O King)
    }
  }
  class ti {
    <>
    marker(quotation)
  }
  sentence *-- evaṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- deva : ālapana
  sentence *-- ti: nipāta

classDiagram
  class sentence["n'eso n'atthi ti vadāmi"] {
    <>
    english(I don't say "This doesn't exist")
  }
  class na1["na"] {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  namespace quotation {
    class eso {
      <>
      🚻⨀🤟①
      english(this)
    }
    class na2["na"] {
      <>
      english(not)
    }
    class atthi {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟▶️
      english(exist)
    }
  }
  class ti {
    <>
    marker(quotation)
  }
  class vadāmi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⚧👆▶️
    english([I] say)
  }
  sentence *-- na1: nipāta
  sentence *-- eso: kattar
  sentence *-- na2: nipāta
  sentence *-- atthi : kiriya
  sentence *-- ti: nipāta
  sentence *-- vadāmi : kiriya

Past participle (present perfect)

periphrastic: past participle followed by “to be” verb

classDiagram
  class sentence["paribbājako santuṭṭho hoti"] {
    <>
    english(The wanderer is contented)
  }
  class paribbājako {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(wanderer)
  }
  class santuṭṭho {
    <>
    ⏪🚹⨀①
    english(contented)
  }
  class hoti {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(is)
  }
  sentence *-- paribbājako : kattar
  sentence *-- santuṭṭho : past participle
  sentence *-- hoti: kiriya

Instrumental case

classDiagram
  class sentence["kāyena phusati"] {
    <>
    english([He] touches with body)
  }
  class kāyena {
    <>
    🚹⨀③
    english([with] body)
  }
  class phusati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(touch)
  }
  sentence *-- kāyena : karaṇa
  sentence *-- phusati: kiriya

Impersonal (bhāva) Past Participle

classDiagram
  class sentence["evaṃ me sutaṃ"] {
    <>
    english(Thus [it] was heard by me)
  }
  class evaṃ {
    <>
    english(thus)
  }
  class me {
    <>
    ⚧⨀👆③
    english([by] me)
  }
  class sutaṃ {
    <>
    🔵⏪🚹⨀①
    english(heard)
  }
  sentence *-- evaṃ : nipāta
  sentence *-- me : karaṇa
  sentence *-- sutaṃ: past participle

Passive (kammapada) Past Participle

classDiagram
  class sentence["mayā ime sattā nimmitā"] {
    <>
    english(By me these beings [were/have been] created)
  }
  class mayā {
    <>
    ⚧⨀👆③
    english([by] me)
  }
  class ime {
    <>
    🚹⨂①
    english(these)
  }
  class sattā {
    <>
    🚹⨂①
    english(beings)
  }
  class nimmitā {
    <>
    🔴⏪🚹⨂①
    english(created)
  }
  sentence *-- mayā : karaṇa
  sentence *-- ime : kamma
  sentence *-- sattā : kamma
  sentence *-- nimmitā: past participle

Active Past Participle

classDiagram
  class sentence["sujātā nāma bhante upāsikā kālakatā"] {
    <>
    english(Venerable Sir, the female lay disciple named Sujātā has died)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class sujātā {
      <>
      🚺⨀①
      english(Sujātā)
    }
    class nāma {
      <>
      english(named)
    }
    class upāsikā {
      <>
      🚺⨀①
      english(food)
    }
  }
  class bhante {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(Venerable Sir)
  }
  class kālakatā {
    <>
    🟢⏪🚺⨀①
    english(created)
  }
  sujātā --> nāma
  sentence *-- sujātā : kattar
  sentence *-- nāma : guṇanāma
  sentence *-- bhante : ālapana
  sentence *-- upāsikā : kattar
  sentence *-- kālakatā: past participle

Time by means of which

aparena samayena : after some time, in due course

tena samayena : at that time

accayena : through (after) the passage/passing away [of time/person]

classDiagram
  class sentence["ahaṃ tena samayena rājā Mahāsudassano ahosiṃ"] {
    <>
    english(At that time I was King Mahāsudassana)
  }
  class tena {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤟③
    english(that)
  }
  class samayena {
    <>
    🚹⨀③
    english(at time)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class ahaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀👆①
      english([by] me)
    }
    class rājā {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(king)
    }
    class Mahāsudassano {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(Mahāsudassana)
    }
  }
  class ahosiṃ {
    <<ākhyāta>>
    ⨀👆⏮
    english(was)
  }
  sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- tena : karaṇa
  sentence *-- samayena : karaṇa
  sentence *-- rājā : kattar
  sentence *-- Mahāsudassano : kattar
  sentence *-- ahosiṃ: ajjatanī

Present participle

classDiagram
  class sentence["gacchaṃ passati"] {
    <>
    english(As [he] is going [he] sees)
  }
  class gacchaṃ {
    <>
    ⏬🚹⨀①
    english(created)
  }
  class passati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(touch)
  }
  sentence *-- gacchaṃ : missakiriyā
  sentence *-- passati: kiriya

Gerund (absolutive)

classDiagram
  class sentence["disvā evaṃ avocumha"] {
    <>
    english(Having seen, [we] said thus)
  }
  class disvā {
    <>
    ⏫
    english(having seen)
  }
  class evaṃ {
    <>
    english(thus)
  }
  class avocumha {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨂👆⏮
    english([We] said)
  }
  sentence *-- disvā : pubbakiriyā
  sentence *-- evaṃ : nipāta
  sentence *-- avocumha: kiriya

Passive (kammapada)

classDiagram
  class sentence["bhojanaṃ diyati"] {
    <>
    english(Food is given)
  }
  class bhojanaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(food)
  }
  class diyati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     🔴⨀🤟▶️
    english(is given)
  }
  sentence *-- bhojanaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- diyati: kammapada

Interrogative (saccaṃ)

classDiagram
  class sentence["saccaṃ Nigrodha bhāsitā te esā vācā"] {
    <>
    english(Is it true, Nigrodha, [that] this speech has been spoken by you?)
  }
  class saccaṃ {
    <>
    english(is it true that ...)
  }
  class Nigrodha {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(Nigrodha)
  }
  class bhāsitā {
    <>
    🔴⏪🚺⨀①
    english(is spoken)
  }
  class esā {
    <>
    🚺⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class vācā {
    <>
    🚺⨀①
    english(speech)
  }
  class te {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤘③
    english(by you)
  }
  sentence *-- saccaṃ : nipāta
  sentence *-- Nigrodha : ālapana
  sentence *-- bhāsitā : past participle
  sentence *-- te : kattar
  sentence *-- esā : kamma
  sentence *-- vācā : kamma

classDiagram
  class sentence["saccaṃ bhante bhāsitā me esā vācā"] {
    <>
    english(It is true, Venerable Sir, (that) this speech has been spoken by me)
  }
  class saccaṃ {
    <>
    english(it is true that ...)
  }
  class bhante {
    <>
    🚹⨀⓪
    english(Venerable Sir)
  }
  class bhāsitā {
    <>
    🔴⏪🚺⨀①
    english(is spoken)
  }
  class esā {
    <>
    🚺⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class vācā {
    <>
    🚺⨀①
    english(speech)
  }
  class me {
    <>
    ⚧⨀👆③
    english(by me)
  }
  sentence *-- saccaṃ : nipāta
  sentence *-- bhante : ālapana
  sentence *-- bhāsitā : past participle
  sentence *-- me : kattar
  sentence *-- esā : kamma
  sentence *-- vācā : kamma

Or, either (vā)

classDiagram
  class sentence["idaṃ vuccati cittan ti vā viññāṇan ti vā"] {
    <>
    english(This is called 'mind' or 'consciousness')
  }
  class idaṃ {
    <>
    🚺⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class vuccati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     🔴⨀🤟▶️
    english(is called)
  }
  namespace kamma1 {
    class cittaṃ {
      <>
      🚻⨀①
      english(mind)
    }
    class ti1["ti"] {
      <>
      marker(quotation)
    }
    class vā1["vā"] {
      <>
      english(or)
    }
  }
  namespace kamma2 {
    class viññāṇaṃ {
      <>
      🚻⨀①
      english(consciousness)
    }
    class ti2["ti"] {
      <>
      marker(quotation)
    }
    class vā2["vā"] {
      <>
      english(or)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- idaṃ : kamma
  sentence *-- vuccati : kammapada
  sentence *-- cittaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- ti1: nipāta
  sentence *-- vā1: nipāta
  sentence *-- viññāṇaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- ti2: nipāta
  sentence *-- vā2: nipāta

Future tense

classDiagram
  class sentence["na ciraṃ tathāgatassa parinibbānaṃ bhavissati"] {
    <>
    english(The extinction of the Tathāgata will be soon)
  }
  class na {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  class ciraṃ {
    <>
    english(for a long time, after a long time)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class tathāgatassa {
      <>
      🚹⨀⑥
      english(Tathāgata's)
    }
    class parinibbānaṃ {
      <>
      🚻⨀①
      english(extinction)
    }
  }
  class bhavissati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏭
    english(will be)
  }
  tathāgatassa <-- parinibbānaṃ
  sentence *-- na : nipāta
  sentence *-- ciraṃ : nipāta
  sentence *-- tathāgatassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- parinibbānaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- bhavissati: bhavissanti

classDiagram
  class sentence["imassa jayo bhavissati"] {
    <>
    english(Victory will be his)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class imassa {
      <>
      ⚧⨀🤟⑥
      english(his)
    }
    class jayo {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(victory)
    }
  }
  class bhavissati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏭
    english(will be)
  }
  imassa <-- jayo
  sentence *-- imassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- jayo : kattar
  sentence *-- bhavissati: bhavissanti

Genitive

classDiagram
  class sentence["ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho"] {
    <>
    english(This is the meaning of this saying)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class ayaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀🤟①
      english(this)
    }
    class imassa {
      <>
      ⚧⨀🤟⑥
      english(of this)
    }
    class bhāsitassa {
      <>
      🚹⨀⑥
      english(of speech)
    }
    class attho {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(meaning)
    }
  }
  imassa <-- bhāsitassa
  bhāsitassa <-- attho
  sentence *-- ayaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- imassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- bhāsitassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- attho : kattar

Agent-Genitive (“Subjective Genitive”)

classDiagram
  class sentence["brāhmaṇassa pūjito (Soṇadaṇḍo)"] {
    <>
    english([Soṇadaṇḍo was] honoured of [by] the priest)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class s["Soṇadaṇḍo"] {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(Soṇadaṇḍa)
    }
    class brāhmaṇassa {
      <>
      🚹⨀⑥
      english(of the brāhmaṇ)
    }
    class pūjito {
      <>
      ⏪🚹⨀①
      english(honoured)
    }
  }
  brāhmaṇassa <-- pūjito
  sentence *-- s : kattar
  sentence *-- brāhmaṇassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- pūjito : kattar

Patient-Genitive (“Objective Genitive”)

classDiagram
  class sentence["ahaṃ … tassa yaññassa yājetā"] {
    <>
    english(I ... (was) the performer of that sacrifice)
  }
  namespace kattar {
    class ahaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀👆①
      english(I)
    }
    class tassa {
      <>
      🚹⨀🤟⑥
      english(of that)
    }
    class yaññassa {
      <>
      🚹⨀⑥
      english(of sacrifice)
    }
    class yājetā {
      <>
      ⏪🚹⨀①
      english(sacrificer (performer))
    }
  }
  tassa <-- yaññassa
  yaññassa <-- yājetā
  sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
  sentence *-- tassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- yaññassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- yājetā : kattar

Genitive Absolute

The “genitive absolute” consists of a noun (or pronoun) followed by a participle, both inflected in the genitive. This nexus stands apart from the other words of the sentence and means “while (the noun was doing the participle)”. Often the genitive absolute has the special sense of disregarding: “despite (the noun doing the participle)”, “under their very noses,” as when the participle means “seeing”, “looking on”. The genitive absolute is useful for constructing a sentence with two agents,

classDiagram
  class sentence["kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilamissati"] {
    <>
    english(However, while I am doing the work, (my) body will become tired)
  }
  namespace genitive_absolute {
    class kammaṃ {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(work)
    }
    class kho {
      <>
      english(indeed)
    }
    class pana {
      <>
      english(however)
    }
    class me {
      <>
      ⚧⨀👆⑥
      english(of I)
    }
    class karontassa {
      <>
      ⏪🚹⨀⑥
      english(of doing)
    }
  }
  class kāyo {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(body)
  }
  class kilamissati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏭
    english(will be tired)
  }
  kammaṃ --> karontassa : kamma
  me <-- karontassa : chaṭṭhī
  sentence *-- kammaṃ
  sentence *-- kho
  sentence *-- pana
  sentence *-- me : genitive absolute
  sentence *-- karontassa : genitive absolute
  sentence *-- kāyo : katar
  sentence *-- kilamissati : bhavissanti

Adjective (junction)

classDiagram
  class sentence["sassato loko"] {
    <>
    english(The world [is] eternal)
  }
  class sassato {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(eternal)
  }
  class loko {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(world)
  }
  sentence *-- sassato : guṇanāma
  sentence *-- loko: kattar

Adjective (nexus)

“who is/which is”

classDiagram
  class sentence["vācā kantā"] {
    <>
    english(The speech [which is] agreeable)
  }
  class vācā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(speech)
  }
  class kantā {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(agreeable)
  }
  sentence *-- vācā: kattar
  sentence *-- kantā : guṇanāma

Possibility of an event (or inference)

classDiagram
  class sentence["ṭhānaṃ etaṃ vijjati ..."] {
    <>
    english(this/it is possible ...)
  }
  class ṭhānaṃ {
    <>
    english(it is possible)
  }
  class etaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class vijjati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(it occurs)
  }
  sentence *-- ṭhānaṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- etaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- vijjati : ākhyāta

classDiagram
  class sentence["n' etaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati ..."] {
    <>
    english(this is impossible .../It is not the case ...)
  }
  class na {
    <>
    english(not)
  }
  class etaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤟①
    english(this)
  }
  class ṭhānaṃ {
    <>
    english(it is possible)
  }
  class vijjati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟▶️
    english(it occurs)
  }
  sentence *-- na: nipāta
  sentence *-- etaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- ṭhānaṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- vijjati : ākhyāta

Dative (purpose)

classDiagram
  class sentence["gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi"] {
    <>
    english(He entered the village for alms)
  }
  class gāmaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(village)
  }
  class piṇḍāya {
    <>
    🚹⨀④
    english(alms)
  }
  class pāvisi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏮
    english([he] entered)
  }
  sentence *-- gāmaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- piṇḍāya: sampadāna
  sentence *-- pāvisi : ākhyāta

proper time for something, the opportunity for something

classDiagram
  class sentence["etassa kālo ..."] {
    <>
    english(it is the time for this / it is the right time for this)
  }
  class etassa {
    <>
    ⚧⨀④
    english(for this)
  }
  class kālo {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(time)
  }
  sentence *-- etassa: sampadāna
  sentence *-- kālo: kattar

not the right time

classDiagram
  class sentence["akālo … yācanāya"] {
    <>
    english(it is not the right time for asking)
  }
  class akālo {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(not the time for)
  }
  class yācanāya {
    <>
    🚻⨀④
    english(asking)
  }
  sentence *-- akālo: kattar
  sentence *-- yācanāya: sampadāna

for which you think it is now the right time

The last expression is extremely common in saying (formally) goodbye (spoken by the host, not the guest - who for his part has made the excuse of pressure of work). It is used also by servants reporting to their master that preparations are completed, implying “you can start whenever you wish”, etc.

classDiagram
  class sentence["yassa dāni kālaṃ maññasi"] {
    <>
    english(for which you think it is now the right time)
  }
  class yassa {
    <>
    ⚧⨀④
    english(for which)
  }
  class dāni {
    <>
    english(now)
  }
  class kālaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(time)
  }
  class maññasi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤘▶️
    english([you] think)
  }
  sentence *-- yassa: sampadāna
  sentence *-- dāni: nipāta
  sentence *-- kālaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- maññasi: ākhyāta

relative clause

classDiagram
  class sentence["atha kho ye icchiṃsu te akaṃsu"] {
    <>
    english(then [indeed] those who wished, they worked)
  }
  class atha {
    <>
    english(then)
  }
  class kho {
    <>
    english(now)
  }
  namespace relative {
    class ye {
      <>
      ⚧⨂①
      english(those who)
    }
    class icchiṃsu {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨂🤟⏮
      english([they] wished)
    }
  }
  namespace main {
    class te {
      <>
      ⚧⨂①
      english(they)
    }
    class akaṃsu {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨂🤟⏮
      english([they] worked)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- atha: nipāta
  sentence *-- kho: nipāta
  sentence *-- ye: aniyamuddesa
  sentence *-- icchiṃsu: ajjatanī
  sentence *-- te: kattar
  sentence *-- akaṃsu: ajjatanī

classDiagram
  class sentence["yena dvārena nikkhami taṃ Gotamadvāraṃ nāma ahosi"] {
    <>
    english(the gate by which he left was called Gotama Gate)
  }
  namespace relative {
    class yena {
      <>
      ⚧⨀④
      english(by which)
    }
    class dvārena {
      <>
      🚹⨀④
      english(by gate)
    }
    class nikkhami {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟⏮
      english([he] left)
    }
  }
  namespace main {
    class taṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀①
      english(that)
    }
    class Gotamadvāraṃ {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(Gotamadvāro)
    }
    class nāma {
      <>
      english(name)
    }
    class ahosi {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟⏮
      english([it] was)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- yena: aniyamuddesa
  sentence *-- dvārena: karaṇa
  sentence *-- nikkhami: ajjatanī
  sentence *-- taṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- Gotamadvāraṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- nāma: avyaya
  sentence *-- ahosi: ajjatanī

pronominal adjective

classDiagram
  class sentence["ye … ahesuṃ, … sabbe … bhakkhesi"] {
    <>
    english(those … who were there, … he devoured (bhakkh) them all)
  }
  namespace relative {
    class ye {
      <>
      ⚧⨂①
      english(those who)
    }
    class ahesuṃ {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨂🤟⏮
      english([they] were)
    }
  }
  namespace main {
    class sabbe {
      <>
      ⚧⨂②
      english(them all)
    }
    class bhakkhesi {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟▶️
      english(devour)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- ye: aniyamuddesa
  sentence *-- ahesuṃ: ajjatanī
  sentence *-- sabbe: kamma
  sentence *-- bhakkhesi: ākhyāta

universal relative pronoun

classDiagram
  class sentence["yo yo … ādiyissati tassa tassa … anuppadassāmi"] {
    <>
    english(whoever will take … to him I will grant …)
  }
  namespace relative {
    class yo["yo yo"] {
      <>
      ⚧⨀①
      english(whoever)
    }
    class ādiyissati {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟⏭
      english(will take)
    }
  }
  namespace main {
    class tassa["tassa tassa"] {
      <>
      ⚧⨀④
      english(to him)
    }
    class anuppadassāmi {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟⏭
      english([I] will grant)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- yo: aniyamuddesa
  sentence *-- ādiyissati: bhavissanti
  sentence *-- tassa: sampadāna
  sentence *-- anuppadassāmi: bhavissanti

classDiagram
  class sentence["yena yena gacchati"] {
    <>
    english(wherever he goes)
  }
  class yena["yena yena"] {
    <>
    ⚧⨀⑥
    english(wherever)
  }
  class gacchati {
    <<ākhyāta>>
    ⨀🤟▶️
    english([he] goes)
  }
  sentence *-- yena: anīyamanāma
  sentence *-- gacchati : ākhyāta

emphatic demonstrative pronoun

classDiagram
  class sentence["yo so satto paṭhamaṃ upapanno, tassa evaṃ hoti: ahaṃ asmi brahmā"] {
    <>
    english(that being who has come into existence first (in the evolution of the universe) thinks he is God)
  }
  namespace relative {
    class yoso["yo so"] {
      <>
      ⚧⨀①
      english(he who)
    }
    class satto {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(being)
    }
    class paṭhamaṃ {
      <>
      english(firstly)
    }
    class upapanno {
      <>
      ⏪🚹⨀①
      english(arose)
    }
  }
  namespace idiom {
    class tassa {
      <>
      ⚧⨂④
      english(to him)
    }
    class evaṃ {
      <>
      english(thus)
    }
    class hoti {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟▶️
      english(is)
    }
  }
  namespace thought {
    class ahaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀①👆
      english(I)
    }
    class asmi {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟▶️
      english([I] am)
    }
    class brahmā {
      <>
      🚹⨀②
      english(God)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- yoso: nidassananāma
  sentence *-- satto: kattar
  sentence *-- paṭhamaṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- upapanno: kattar
  sentence *-- tassa: sampadāna
  sentence *-- evaṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- hoti: ākhyāta
  sentence *-- ahaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- asmi: ākhyāta
  sentence *-- brahmā: kattar

Relative Indeclinable

relative clause follows main clause = elevated speech emphasising main clause

classDiagram
  class sentence["hoti kho so samayo yaṃ … ayaṃ loko vivaṭṭati"] {
    <>
    english(there is indeed the (so) time that (i.e. when) ... this world evolves)
  }
  namespace main {
    class hoti {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤟▶️
      english(is)
    }
    class kho {
      <>
      english(indeed)
    }
    class so {
      <>
      🚹⨀🤟
      english(that)
    }
    class samayo {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(time)
    }
  }
  namespace relative {
    class yaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀①
      english(when)
    }
    class ayaṃ {
      <>
      ⚧⨀🤟①
      english(this)
    }
    class loko {
      <>
      🚹⨀①
      english(world)
    }
    class vivaṭṭati {
      <<ākhyāta>>
      ⨀🤘▶️
      english(revolves)
    }
  }
  sentence *-- hoti : ākhyāta
  sentence *-- kho: nipāta
  sentence *-- so: kattar
  sentence *-- samayo: kattar
  sentence *-- yaṃ: aniyamuddesa
  sentence *-- ayaṃ: nidassananāma
  sentence *-- loko: kattar
  sentence *-- vivaṭṭati: ākhyāta

Interrogative

classDiagram
  class sentence["ko 'si tvaṃ āvuso"] {
    <>
    english(Who are you, friend?)
  }
  class ko {
    <>
    🚹⨀🤟
    english(who?)
  }
  class asi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤘▶️
    english([you] are)
  }
  class tvaṃ {
    <>
    ⚧⨀🤘①
    english(you)
  }
  class āvuso {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(friend)
  }
  sentence *-- ko: pucchānāma
  sentence *-- asi : ākhyāta
  sentence *-- tvaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- āvuso: kattar

Interrogative (indeclinable)

classDiagram
  class sentence["kiṃ saddaṃ assosi"] {
    <>
    english(Did he hear the noise?)
  }
  class kiṃ {
    <>
    english(who?)
  }
  class saddaṃ {
    <>
    🚹⨀①
    english(noise)
  }
  class assosi {
    <<ākhyāta>>
     ⨀🤟⏮
    english([he] heard)
  }
  sentence *-- kiṃ: nipāta
  sentence *-- saddaṃ: kattar
  sentence *-- assosi : ākhyāta