Sentence examples (padamañjarī)
Sentence examples (evolving) based on Warder “Introduction to Pali” exercises. Contains sample sentences from Lessons 1-12.
Legend
Section titled “Legend”| symbol | meaning | explanation |
|---|---|---|
vākya | sentence | |
pada, vacana | word | |
nāma | noun | |
ākhyāta | verb | |
| 🚹 | pulliṅga | major (masculine) gender |
| 🚻 | napuṁsakaliṅga | special (neuter) gender |
| 🚺 | itthiliṅga | minor (feminine) gender |
| ⚧ | sabbaliṅga | all genders |
| ⨀ | ekavacana | singular |
| ⨂ | bahuvacana | plural |
| 🟢 | parassapada | active voice |
| 🔵 | attanopada | middle voice - impersonal |
| 🔴 | kammapada | passive |
| ⨀ | ekavacana | singular |
| ⨂ | bahuvacana | plural |
| 🤟 | paṭhama purisa | first person, equivalent to ‘third person’ in English |
| 🤘 | majjima purisa | middle person, equivalent to ‘second person’ in English |
| 👆 | uttama purisa | primary person, equivalent to ‘first person’ in English |
| ⓪ | ālapana | vocative |
| ① | paṭhamā | first case (nominative) |
| ② | dutiyā | second case (accusative) |
| ③ | tatiyā | third case (instrumental) |
| ④ | catutthī | fourth case (dative) |
| ⑤ | pañcamī | fifth case (ablative) |
| ⑥ | chaṭṭhī | sixth case (genitive) |
| ⑦ | sattamī | seventh case (locative) |
| ⏏️ | nipāta | particle |
| 🔼 | upasagga | prefix |
| 🆎 | samāsa | compound noun |
| 🔽 | taddhita | affix |
| ▶️ | vattamāna | present |
| ⏹ | piñcamī | imperative |
| ⏯ | sattamī | potential |
| 🔄 | parokkhā | perfect |
| ↩️ | hiyyattanī | imperfect |
| ⏮ | ajjatanī | aorist |
| ⏭ | bhavissanti | future |
| 🔀 | kālātipatti | conditional |
| ⏪ | atītakiriyā | past participle |
| ⏬ | missakiriyā | present participle |
| ⏩ | kicca | future participle |
| ⏫ | pubbakiriyā | gerund (absolutive) |
Equational
Section titled “Equational”classDiagram
class sentence["devo amanusso hoti"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The deva is not human)
}
namespace kattar {
class devo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(deity)
}
class amanusso {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(not human)
}
}
class hoti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(is)
}
sentence *-- devo : kattar
sentence *-- amanusso : vāccaliṅga
sentence *-- hoti: kiriya
Intransitive (agent-action)
Section titled “Intransitive (agent-action)”classDiagram
class sentence["devo cavati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The god dies)
}
class devo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(deity)
}
class cavati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(dies)
}
sentence *-- devo : kattar
sentence *-- cavati: akammaka
Transitive (agent-patient-action)
Section titled “Transitive (agent-patient-action)”classDiagram
class sentence["upāsako pattaṃ āharati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The lay disciple brings the bowl)
}
class upāsako {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(lay disciple)
}
class pattaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(bowl)
}
class āharati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(brings)
}
sentence *-- upāsako : kattar
sentence *-- pattaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- āharati: sakammaka
Bi-transitive (patient y-patient x-action)
Section titled “Bi-transitive (patient y-patient x-action)”classDiagram
class sentence["upāsakaṃ brāhmānaṃ dhāreti"] {
<<vākya>>
english([He] accepts the priest as a lay disciple)
}
class upāsakaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(lay disciple)
}
class brāhmānaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(brahmin)
}
class dhāreti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(accepts X as Y)
}
sentence *-- upāsakaṃ : kamma y
sentence *-- brāhmānaṃ : kamma x
sentence *-- dhāreti: dvikammaka
yena … tena
Section titled “yena … tena”classDiagram
class sentence["yena mahāmatto tena upasaṃkamanti"] {
<<vākya>>
english(By where the minister [is], by there [they] approach)
}
namespace yenatena {
class yena {
<<nipāta>>
③
english(by where)
}
class mahāmatto {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(minister)
}
class tena {
<<nipāta>>
③
english(by there)
}
}
class upasaṃkamanti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟▶️
english(approach)
}
sentence *-- yena
sentence *-- mahāmatto
yena <-- mahāmatto : kattar
yena --> tena
sentence *-- tena : kamma
sentence *-- upasaṃkamanti: kiriya
sequenceDiagram they ->> place : approach place ->> minister : by where minister ->> place : by there
Past (Aorist)
Section titled “Past (Aorist)”Historical or “narrative” past
classDiagram
class sentence["dhammaṃ desesiṃ"] {
<<vākya>>
english([I] taught the dhamma)
}
class dhammaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(the dhamma)
}
class desesiṃ {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏮
english([I] taught)
}
sentence *-- dhammaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- desesiṃ: ajjatanī
Personal Names
Section titled “Personal Names”classDiagram
class sentence["Uttaro nāma putto ahosi"] {
<<vākya>>
english([There] was a son by name Uttara)
}
namespace kamma {
class Uttaro {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(Uttara)
}
class nāma {
<<avyaya>>
english(by name)
}
class putto {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(son)
}
}
class ahosi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english(was)
}
Uttaro --> nāma
sentence *-- Uttaro : nāmanāma
sentence *-- nāma : guṇanāma
sentence *-- putto : kamma
sentence *-- ahosi: ajjatanī
Agreement of Verb and Agent
Section titled “Agreement of Verb and Agent”When a verb has two or more agents, it usually agrees with the sum of the agents and is plural.
classDiagram
class sentence["Reṇu ca rājaputto Jotipālo ca mānavo sahāyā ahesuṃ"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Prince Reṇu and Jotipāla the Mānava [young priest, descendant of Mānu] were friends)
}
namespace kattar1 {
class Reṇu {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Reṇu)
}
class ca1["ca"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(and)
}
class rājaputto {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(prince)
}
}
namespace kattar2 {
class Jotipālo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Jotipāla)
}
class ca2["ca"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(and)
}
class mānavo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(mānava)
}
}
class sahāyā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨂②
english(friends)
}
class ahesuṃ {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟⏮
english(were)
}
sentence *-- Reṇu : nāmanāma
sentence *-- ca1 : samuccaya
sentence *-- rājaputto : kattar
sentence *-- Jotipālo : nāmanāma
sentence *-- ca2 : samuccaya
sentence *-- mānavo : kattar
sentence *-- sahāyā : kamma
sentence *-- ahesuṃ: kiriya
Personal pronouns
Section titled “Personal pronouns”classDiagram
class sentence["ahaṃ asmi brahmā issaro"] {
<<vākya>>
english(I am the Lord God)
}
class ahaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀①👆
english(I)
}
class asmi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆▶️
english([I] am)
}
namespace kamma {
class brahmā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(God)
}
class issaro {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(Lord)
}
}
sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- asmi: kiriya
sentence *-- brahmā : kamma
sentence *-- issaro : kamma
”Anaphoric” demonstrative pronoun
Section titled “”Anaphoric” demonstrative pronoun”“that”, “it”: Refers back to someone or something previously mentioned in a narrative.
Pronoun of absence: speak of someone or something in a story and therefore not present to the listeners.
classDiagram
class sentence["mayaṃ taṃ bhagavantaṃ avocuṃha"] {
<<vākya>>
english(We said that to the Blessed One)
}
class mayaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨂①👆
english(We)
}
class taṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟②
english(that)
}
class bhagavantaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(Blessed One)
}
class avocuṃha {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂👆⏮
english(said)
}
sentence *-- mayaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- taṃ : kamma 1
sentence *-- bhagavantaṃ : kamma 2
sentence *-- avocuṃha: dvikammaka
”Diectic” demonstrative pronoun
Section titled “”Diectic” demonstrative pronoun”“this”, “it”: Refers to present object or person.
Pronoun of presence: referring to someone or something present
classDiagram
class sentence["eso Mahārāja Bhagavā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Mahārāja, this is the Bhagavā [Blessed One])
}
class eso {
<<nidassananāma>>
🚹⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class Mahārāja {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(that)
}
class Bhagavā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Blessed One)
}
sentence *-- eso : kattar
sentence *-- Mahārāja : ālapana
sentence *-- Bhagavā : kattar
Emphasise a nearer object
classDiagram
class sentence["idaṃ avoca Bhagavā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The Bhagavā said this)
}
class idaṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
🚻⨀🤟②
english(this)
}
class avoca {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english(said)
}
class Bhagavā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Blessed One)
}
sentence *-- idaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- avoca : ākhyāta
sentence *-- Bhagavā : kattar
Emphatic assertion
Section titled “Emphatic assertion”classDiagram
class sentence["atthi kayo"] {
<<vākya>>
english(There is a body)
}
class atthi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(There is)
}
class kayo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(body)
}
sentence *-- atthi: ākhyāta
sentence *-- kayo : kattar
Negation
Section titled “Negation”classDiagram
class sentence["tvaṃ na passasi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(You do not see)
}
class tvaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀🤘①
english(You)
}
class na {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class passasi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤘▶️
english(see)
}
sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- na : nipāta
sentence *-- passasi: ākhyāta
Prohibition or negative injunction
Section titled “Prohibition or negative injunction”Used with second person in aorist tense (but loses time reference and can apply to present or future)
classDiagram
class sentence["mā paridevesi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Don't grieve)
}
class mā {
<<nipāta>>
english(do not)
}
class paridevesi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤘⏮
english(grieved)
}
sentence *-- mā : nipāta
sentence *-- paridevesi: ākhyāta
Used with third person in aorist tense - appears regularly in polite address
classDiagram
class sentence["mā h'eva rājā kālam akāsi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(May the king not die)
}
class mā["mā h'eva"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(do not)
}
class rājā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(king)
}
class kālam {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(time)
}
class akāsi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english(made)
}
sentence *-- mā : nipāta
sentence *-- rājā : kattar
sentence *-- kālam : kamma
sentence *-- akāsi: ākhyāta
Double Negation
Section titled “Double Negation”Equivalent to a strong affirmation
classDiagram
class sentence["mā h'eva kho kumāro na rajjaṃ kāresi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Don't let the prince not rule the kingdom)
}
class mā["mā h'eva"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(do not)
}
class kho {
<<nipāta>>
english(indeed)
}
class kumāro {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(prince)
}
class na {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class rajjaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(kingdom)
}
class kāresi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english(rule)
}
sentence *-- mā : nipāta
sentence *-- kho : nipāta
sentence *-- kumāro : kattar
sentence *-- na : nipāta
sentence *-- rajjaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- kāresi: ākhyāta
Vocative
Section titled “Vocative”Nominative of address, used enclitically
classDiagram
class sentence["na tvaṃ deva vañcemi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(I don't deceive you, O King)
}
class na {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class tvaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀🤘①
english(you)
}
class deva {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(O King)
}
class vañcemi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏮
english([I] deceived)
}
sentence *-- na : nipāta
sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- deva : ālapana
sentence *-- vañcemi: ākhyāta
Imperative (command)
Section titled “Imperative (command)”classDiagram
class sentence["ehi tvaṃ purisa"] {
<<vākya>>
english(You must go, man)
}
class ehi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏹
english([must] go)
}
class tvaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀🤘①
english(you)
}
class purisa {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(man)
}
sentence *-- ehi: piñcamī
sentence *-- tvaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- purisa : ālapana
Imperative (invitation or wish)
Section titled “Imperative (invitation or wish)”classDiagram
class sentence["etu bhagavā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Let the Blessed One come)
}
class etu {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏹
english([must] come)
}
class bhagavā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Blessed One)
}
sentence *-- etu: piñcamī
sentence *-- bhagavā : kattar
Imperative (don’t bother)
Section titled “Imperative (don’t bother)”Let it be, never mind, let him not, don’t trouble
classDiagram
class sentence["tiṭṭhatha tumhe"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Don't you bother)
}
class tiṭṭhatha {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟⏹
english(wait/remain)
}
class tumhe {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨂🤟①
english(you)
}
sentence *-- tiṭṭhatha: piñcamī
sentence *-- tumhe : kattar
Respectful address
Section titled “Respectful address”classDiagram
class sentence["nisidatu bhagavā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Let the Fortunate One sit down)
}
class nisidatu {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏹
english([must] sit)
}
class bhagavā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Blessed One)
}
sentence *-- nisidatu: piñcamī
sentence *-- bhagavā : kattar
Quotation
Section titled “Quotation”Short vowel preceeding ti is lengthened, and ṃ changed to n
classDiagram
class sentence["evaṃ devā ti"] {
<<vākya>>
english('[It is] so, O King')
}
namespace quotation {
class evaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(thus)
}
class deva {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(O King)
}
}
class ti {
<<nipāta>>
marker(quotation)
}
sentence *-- evaṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- deva : ālapana
sentence *-- ti: nipāta
classDiagram
class sentence["n'eso n'atthi ti vadāmi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(I don't say "This doesn't exist")
}
class na1["na"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
namespace quotation {
class eso {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚻⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class na2["na"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class atthi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(exist)
}
}
class ti {
<<nipāta>>
marker(quotation)
}
class vadāmi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⚧👆▶️
english([I] say)
}
sentence *-- na1: nipāta
sentence *-- eso: kattar
sentence *-- na2: nipāta
sentence *-- atthi : kiriya
sentence *-- ti: nipāta
sentence *-- vadāmi : kiriya
Past participle (present perfect)
Section titled “Past participle (present perfect)”periphrastic: past participle followed by “to be” verb
classDiagram
class sentence["paribbājako santuṭṭho hoti"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The wanderer is contented)
}
class paribbājako {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(wanderer)
}
class santuṭṭho {
<<past participle>>
⏪🚹⨀①
english(contented)
}
class hoti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(is)
}
sentence *-- paribbājako : kattar
sentence *-- santuṭṭho : past participle
sentence *-- hoti: kiriya
Instrumental case
Section titled “Instrumental case”classDiagram
class sentence["kāyena phusati"] {
<<vākya>>
english([He] touches with body)
}
class kāyena {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀③
english([with] body)
}
class phusati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(touch)
}
sentence *-- kāyena : karaṇa
sentence *-- phusati: kiriya
Impersonal (bhāva) Past Participle
Section titled “Impersonal (bhāva) Past Participle”classDiagram
class sentence["evaṃ me sutaṃ"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Thus [it] was heard by me)
}
class evaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(thus)
}
class me {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀👆③
english([by] me)
}
class sutaṃ {
<<past participle>>
🔵⏪🚹⨀①
english(heard)
}
sentence *-- evaṃ : nipāta
sentence *-- me : karaṇa
sentence *-- sutaṃ: past participle
Passive (kammapada) Past Participle
Section titled “Passive (kammapada) Past Participle”classDiagram
class sentence["mayā ime sattā nimmitā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(By me these beings [were/have been] created)
}
class mayā {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀👆③
english([by] me)
}
class ime {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚹⨂①
english(these)
}
class sattā {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚹⨂①
english(beings)
}
class nimmitā {
<<past participle>>
🔴⏪🚹⨂①
english(created)
}
sentence *-- mayā : karaṇa
sentence *-- ime : kamma
sentence *-- sattā : kamma
sentence *-- nimmitā: past participle
Active Past Participle
Section titled “Active Past Participle”classDiagram
class sentence["sujātā nāma bhante upāsikā kālakatā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Venerable Sir, the female lay disciple named Sujātā has died)
}
namespace kattar {
class sujātā {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚺⨀①
english(Sujātā)
}
class nāma {
<<avyaya>>
english(named)
}
class upāsikā {
<<nāma>>
🚺⨀①
english(food)
}
}
class bhante {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(Venerable Sir)
}
class kālakatā {
<<past participle>>
🟢⏪🚺⨀①
english(created)
}
sujātā --> nāma
sentence *-- sujātā : kattar
sentence *-- nāma : guṇanāma
sentence *-- bhante : ālapana
sentence *-- upāsikā : kattar
sentence *-- kālakatā: past participle
Time by means of which
Section titled “Time by means of which”aparena samayena
: after some time, in due course
tena samayena
: at that time
accayena
: through (after) the passage/passing away [of time/person]
classDiagram
class sentence["ahaṃ tena samayena rājā Mahāsudassano ahosiṃ"] {
<<vākya>>
english(At that time I was King Mahāsudassana)
}
class tena {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟③
english(that)
}
class samayena {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀③
english(at time)
}
namespace kattar {
class ahaṃ {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀👆①
english([by] me)
}
class rājā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(king)
}
class Mahāsudassano {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Mahāsudassana)
}
}
class ahosiṃ {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀👆⏮
english(was)
}
sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- tena : karaṇa
sentence *-- samayena : karaṇa
sentence *-- rājā : kattar
sentence *-- Mahāsudassano : kattar
sentence *-- ahosiṃ: ajjatanī
Present participle
Section titled “Present participle”classDiagram
class sentence["gacchaṃ passati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(As [he] is going [he] sees)
}
class gacchaṃ {
<<missakiriyā>>
⏬🚹⨀①
english(created)
}
class passati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(touch)
}
sentence *-- gacchaṃ : missakiriyā
sentence *-- passati: kiriya
Gerund (absolutive)
Section titled “Gerund (absolutive)”classDiagram
class sentence["disvā evaṃ avocumha"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Having seen, [we] said thus)
}
class disvā {
<<pubbakiriyā>>
⏫
english(having seen)
}
class evaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(thus)
}
class avocumha {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂👆⏮
english([We] said)
}
sentence *-- disvā : pubbakiriyā
sentence *-- evaṃ : nipāta
sentence *-- avocumha: kiriya
Passive (kammapada)
Section titled “Passive (kammapada)”classDiagram
class sentence["bhojanaṃ diyati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Food is given)
}
class bhojanaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(food)
}
class diyati {
<<ākhyāta>>
🔴⨀🤟▶️
english(is given)
}
sentence *-- bhojanaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- diyati: kammapada
Interrogative (saccaṃ)
Section titled “Interrogative (saccaṃ)”classDiagram
class sentence["saccaṃ Nigrodha bhāsitā te esā vācā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Is it true, Nigrodha, [that] this speech has been spoken by you?)
}
class saccaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(is it true that ...)
}
class Nigrodha {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(Nigrodha)
}
class bhāsitā {
<<past participle>>
🔴⏪🚺⨀①
english(is spoken)
}
class esā {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚺⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class vācā {
<<nāma>>
🚺⨀①
english(speech)
}
class te {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀🤘③
english(by you)
}
sentence *-- saccaṃ : nipāta
sentence *-- Nigrodha : ālapana
sentence *-- bhāsitā : past participle
sentence *-- te : kattar
sentence *-- esā : kamma
sentence *-- vācā : kamma
classDiagram
class sentence["saccaṃ bhante bhāsitā me esā vācā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(It is true, Venerable Sir, (that) this speech has been spoken by me)
}
class saccaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(it is true that ...)
}
class bhante {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⓪
english(Venerable Sir)
}
class bhāsitā {
<<past participle>>
🔴⏪🚺⨀①
english(is spoken)
}
class esā {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚺⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class vācā {
<<nāma>>
🚺⨀①
english(speech)
}
class me {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀👆③
english(by me)
}
sentence *-- saccaṃ : nipāta
sentence *-- bhante : ālapana
sentence *-- bhāsitā : past participle
sentence *-- me : kattar
sentence *-- esā : kamma
sentence *-- vācā : kamma
Or, either (vā)
Section titled “Or, either (vā)”classDiagram
class sentence["idaṃ vuccati cittan ti vā viññāṇan ti vā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(This is called 'mind' or 'consciousness')
}
class idaṃ {
<<sabbanāma>>
🚺⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class vuccati {
<<ākhyāta>>
🔴⨀🤟▶️
english(is called)
}
namespace kamma1 {
class cittaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚻⨀①
english(mind)
}
class ti1["ti"] {
<<nipāta>>
marker(quotation)
}
class vā1["vā"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(or)
}
}
namespace kamma2 {
class viññāṇaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚻⨀①
english(consciousness)
}
class ti2["ti"] {
<<nipāta>>
marker(quotation)
}
class vā2["vā"] {
<<nipāta>>
english(or)
}
}
sentence *-- idaṃ : kamma
sentence *-- vuccati : kammapada
sentence *-- cittaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- ti1: nipāta
sentence *-- vā1: nipāta
sentence *-- viññāṇaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- ti2: nipāta
sentence *-- vā2: nipāta
Future tense
Section titled “Future tense”classDiagram
class sentence["na ciraṃ tathāgatassa parinibbānaṃ bhavissati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The extinction of the Tathāgata will be soon)
}
class na {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class ciraṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(for a long time, after a long time)
}
namespace kattar {
class tathāgatassa {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⑥
english(Tathāgata's)
}
class parinibbānaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚻⨀①
english(extinction)
}
}
class bhavissati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏭
english(will be)
}
tathāgatassa <-- parinibbānaṃ
sentence *-- na : nipāta
sentence *-- ciraṃ : nipāta
sentence *-- tathāgatassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- parinibbānaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- bhavissati: bhavissanti
classDiagram
class sentence["imassa jayo bhavissati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Victory will be his)
}
namespace kattar {
class imassa {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨀🤟⑥
english(his)
}
class jayo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(victory)
}
}
class bhavissati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏭
english(will be)
}
imassa <-- jayo
sentence *-- imassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- jayo : kattar
sentence *-- bhavissati: bhavissanti
Genitive
Section titled “Genitive”classDiagram
class sentence["ayaṃ imassa bhāsitassa attho"] {
<<vākya>>
english(This is the meaning of this saying)
}
namespace kattar {
class ayaṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class imassa {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟⑥
english(of this)
}
class bhāsitassa {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⑥
english(of speech)
}
class attho {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(meaning)
}
}
imassa <-- bhāsitassa
bhāsitassa <-- attho
sentence *-- ayaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- imassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- bhāsitassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- attho : kattar
Agent-Genitive (“Subjective Genitive”)
Section titled “Agent-Genitive (“Subjective Genitive”)”classDiagram
class sentence["brāhmaṇassa pūjito (Soṇadaṇḍo)"] {
<<vākya>>
english([Soṇadaṇḍo was] honoured of [by] the priest)
}
namespace kattar {
class s["Soṇadaṇḍo"] {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(Soṇadaṇḍa)
}
class brāhmaṇassa {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⑥
english(of the brāhmaṇ)
}
class pūjito {
<<past participle>>
⏪🚹⨀①
english(honoured)
}
}
brāhmaṇassa <-- pūjito
sentence *-- s : kattar
sentence *-- brāhmaṇassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- pūjito : kattar
Patient-Genitive (“Objective Genitive”)
Section titled “Patient-Genitive (“Objective Genitive”)”classDiagram
class sentence["ahaṃ … tassa yaññassa yājetā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(I ... (was) the performer of that sacrifice)
}
namespace kattar {
class ahaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀👆①
english(I)
}
class tassa {
<<nidassananāma>>
🚹⨀🤟⑥
english(of that)
}
class yaññassa {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀⑥
english(of sacrifice)
}
class yājetā {
<<past participle>>
⏪🚹⨀①
english(sacrificer (performer))
}
}
tassa <-- yaññassa
yaññassa <-- yājetā
sentence *-- ahaṃ : kattar
sentence *-- tassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- yaññassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- yājetā : kattar
Genitive Absolute
Section titled “Genitive Absolute”The “genitive absolute” consists of a noun (or pronoun) followed by a participle, both inflected in the genitive. This nexus stands apart from the other words of the sentence and means “while (the noun was doing the participle)”. Often the genitive absolute has the special sense of disregarding: “despite (the noun doing the participle)”, “under their very noses,” as when the participle means “seeing”, “looking on”. The genitive absolute is useful for constructing a sentence with two agents,
classDiagram
class sentence["kammaṃ kho pana me karontassa kāyo kilamissati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(However, while I am doing the work, (my) body will become tired)
}
namespace genitive_absolute {
class kammaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(work)
}
class kho {
<<nipāta>>
english(indeed)
}
class pana {
<<nipāta>>
english(however)
}
class me {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀👆⑥
english(of I)
}
class karontassa {
<<past participle>>
⏪🚹⨀⑥
english(of doing)
}
}
class kāyo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(body)
}
class kilamissati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏭
english(will be tired)
}
kammaṃ --> karontassa : kamma
me <-- karontassa : chaṭṭhī
sentence *-- kammaṃ
sentence *-- kho
sentence *-- pana
sentence *-- me : genitive absolute
sentence *-- karontassa : genitive absolute
sentence *-- kāyo : katar
sentence *-- kilamissati : bhavissanti
Adjective (junction)
Section titled “Adjective (junction)”classDiagram
class sentence["sassato loko"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The world [is] eternal)
}
class sassato {
<<guṇanāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(eternal)
}
class loko {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(world)
}
sentence *-- sassato : guṇanāma
sentence *-- loko: kattar
Adjective (nexus)
Section titled “Adjective (nexus)”“who is/which is”
classDiagram
class sentence["vācā kantā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(The speech [which is] agreeable)
}
class vācā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(speech)
}
class kantā {
<<guṇanāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(agreeable)
}
sentence *-- vācā: kattar
sentence *-- kantā : guṇanāma
Possibility of an event (or inference)
Section titled “Possibility of an event (or inference)”classDiagram
class sentence["ṭhānaṃ etaṃ vijjati ..."] {
<<vākya>>
english(this/it is possible ...)
}
class ṭhānaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(it is possible)
}
class etaṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class vijjati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(it occurs)
}
sentence *-- ṭhānaṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- etaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- vijjati : ākhyāta
classDiagram
class sentence["n' etaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati ..."] {
<<vākya>>
english(this is impossible .../It is not the case ...)
}
class na {
<<nipāta>>
english(not)
}
class etaṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class ṭhānaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(it is possible)
}
class vijjati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(it occurs)
}
sentence *-- na: nipāta
sentence *-- etaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- ṭhānaṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- vijjati : ākhyāta
Dative (purpose)
Section titled “Dative (purpose)”classDiagram
class sentence["gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(He entered the village for alms)
}
class gāmaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(village)
}
class piṇḍāya {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀④
english(alms)
}
class pāvisi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english([he] entered)
}
sentence *-- gāmaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- piṇḍāya: sampadāna
sentence *-- pāvisi : ākhyāta
proper time for something, the opportunity for something
Section titled “proper time for something, the opportunity for something”classDiagram
class sentence["etassa kālo ..."] {
<<vākya>>
english(it is the time for this / it is the right time for this)
}
class etassa {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀④
english(for this)
}
class kālo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(time)
}
sentence *-- etassa: sampadāna
sentence *-- kālo: kattar
not the right time
Section titled “not the right time”classDiagram
class sentence["akālo … yācanāya"] {
<<vākya>>
english(it is not the right time for asking)
}
class akālo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(not the time for)
}
class yācanāya {
<<nidassananāma>>
🚻⨀④
english(asking)
}
sentence *-- akālo: kattar
sentence *-- yācanāya: sampadāna
for which you think it is now the right time
Section titled “for which you think it is now the right time”The last expression is extremely common in saying (formally) goodbye (spoken by the host, not the guest - who for his part has made the excuse of pressure of work). It is used also by servants reporting to their master that preparations are completed, implying “you can start whenever you wish”, etc.
classDiagram
class sentence["yassa dāni kālaṃ maññasi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(for which you think it is now the right time)
}
class yassa {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨀④
english(for which)
}
class dāni {
<<nipāta>>
english(now)
}
class kālaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(time)
}
class maññasi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤘▶️
english([you] think)
}
sentence *-- yassa: sampadāna
sentence *-- dāni: nipāta
sentence *-- kālaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- maññasi: ākhyāta
relative clause
Section titled “relative clause”classDiagram
class sentence["atha kho ye icchiṃsu te akaṃsu"] {
<<vākya>>
english(then [indeed] those who wished, they worked)
}
class atha {
<<nipāta>>
english(then)
}
class kho {
<<nipāta>>
english(now)
}
namespace relative {
class ye {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨂①
english(those who)
}
class icchiṃsu {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟⏮
english([they] wished)
}
}
namespace main {
class te {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨂①
english(they)
}
class akaṃsu {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟⏮
english([they] worked)
}
}
sentence *-- atha: nipāta
sentence *-- kho: nipāta
sentence *-- ye: aniyamuddesa
sentence *-- icchiṃsu: ajjatanī
sentence *-- te: kattar
sentence *-- akaṃsu: ajjatanī
classDiagram
class sentence["yena dvārena nikkhami taṃ Gotamadvāraṃ nāma ahosi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(the gate by which he left was called Gotama Gate)
}
namespace relative {
class yena {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨀④
english(by which)
}
class dvārena {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀④
english(by gate)
}
class nikkhami {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english([he] left)
}
}
namespace main {
class taṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀①
english(that)
}
class Gotamadvāraṃ {
<<nāmanāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(Gotamadvāro)
}
class nāma {
<<avyaya>>
english(name)
}
class ahosi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english([it] was)
}
}
sentence *-- yena: aniyamuddesa
sentence *-- dvārena: karaṇa
sentence *-- nikkhami: ajjatanī
sentence *-- taṃ: kattar
sentence *-- Gotamadvāraṃ: kattar
sentence *-- nāma: avyaya
sentence *-- ahosi: ajjatanī
pronominal adjective
Section titled “pronominal adjective”classDiagram
class sentence["ye … ahesuṃ, … sabbe … bhakkhesi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(those … who were there, … he devoured (bhakkh) them all)
}
namespace relative {
class ye {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨂①
english(those who)
}
class ahesuṃ {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨂🤟⏮
english([they] were)
}
}
namespace main {
class sabbe {
<<sabbanāma>>
⚧⨂②
english(them all)
}
class bhakkhesi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(devour)
}
}
sentence *-- ye: aniyamuddesa
sentence *-- ahesuṃ: ajjatanī
sentence *-- sabbe: kamma
sentence *-- bhakkhesi: ākhyāta
universal relative pronoun
Section titled “universal relative pronoun”classDiagram
class sentence["yo yo … ādiyissati tassa tassa … anuppadassāmi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(whoever will take … to him I will grant …)
}
namespace relative {
class yo["yo yo"] {
<<anīyamanāma>>
⚧⨀①
english(whoever)
}
class ādiyissati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏭
english(will take)
}
}
namespace main {
class tassa["tassa tassa"] {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀④
english(to him)
}
class anuppadassāmi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏭
english([I] will grant)
}
}
sentence *-- yo: aniyamuddesa
sentence *-- ādiyissati: bhavissanti
sentence *-- tassa: sampadāna
sentence *-- anuppadassāmi: bhavissanti
classDiagram
class sentence["yena yena gacchati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(wherever he goes)
}
class yena["yena yena"] {
<<anīyamanāma>>
⚧⨀⑥
english(wherever)
}
class gacchati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english([he] goes)
}
sentence *-- yena: anīyamanāma
sentence *-- gacchati : ākhyāta
emphatic demonstrative pronoun
Section titled “emphatic demonstrative pronoun”classDiagram
class sentence["yo so satto paṭhamaṃ upapanno, tassa evaṃ hoti: ahaṃ asmi brahmā"] {
<<vākya>>
english(that being who has come into existence first (in the evolution of the universe) thinks he is God)
}
namespace relative {
class yoso["yo so"] {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨀①
english(he who)
}
class satto {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(being)
}
class paṭhamaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(firstly)
}
class upapanno {
<<past participle>>
⏪🚹⨀①
english(arose)
}
}
namespace idiom {
class tassa {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨂④
english(to him)
}
class evaṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(thus)
}
class hoti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(is)
}
}
namespace thought {
class ahaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀①👆
english(I)
}
class asmi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english([I] am)
}
class brahmā {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀②
english(God)
}
}
sentence *-- yoso: nidassananāma
sentence *-- satto: kattar
sentence *-- paṭhamaṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- upapanno: kattar
sentence *-- tassa: sampadāna
sentence *-- evaṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- hoti: ākhyāta
sentence *-- ahaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- asmi: ākhyāta
sentence *-- brahmā: kattar
Relative Indeclinable
Section titled “Relative Indeclinable”relative clause follows main clause = elevated speech emphasising main clause
classDiagram
class sentence["hoti kho so samayo yaṃ … ayaṃ loko vivaṭṭati"] {
<<vākya>>
english(there is indeed the (so) time that (i.e. when) ... this world evolves)
}
namespace main {
class hoti {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟▶️
english(is)
}
class kho {
<<nipāta>>
english(indeed)
}
class so {
<<pucchānāma>>
🚹⨀🤟
english(that)
}
class samayo {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(time)
}
}
namespace relative {
class yaṃ {
<<anvayīnāma>>
⚧⨀①
english(when)
}
class ayaṃ {
<<nidassananāma>>
⚧⨀🤟①
english(this)
}
class loko {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(world)
}
class vivaṭṭati {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤘▶️
english(revolves)
}
}
sentence *-- hoti : ākhyāta
sentence *-- kho: nipāta
sentence *-- so: kattar
sentence *-- samayo: kattar
sentence *-- yaṃ: aniyamuddesa
sentence *-- ayaṃ: nidassananāma
sentence *-- loko: kattar
sentence *-- vivaṭṭati: ākhyāta
Interrogative
Section titled “Interrogative”classDiagram
class sentence["ko 'si tvaṃ āvuso"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Who are you, friend?)
}
class ko {
<<pucchānāma>>
🚹⨀🤟
english(who?)
}
class asi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤘▶️
english([you] are)
}
class tvaṃ {
<<puggalanāma>>
⚧⨀🤘①
english(you)
}
class āvuso {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(friend)
}
sentence *-- ko: pucchānāma
sentence *-- asi : ākhyāta
sentence *-- tvaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- āvuso: kattar
Interrogative (indeclinable)
Section titled “Interrogative (indeclinable)”classDiagram
class sentence["kiṃ saddaṃ assosi"] {
<<vākya>>
english(Did he hear the noise?)
}
class kiṃ {
<<nipāta>>
english(who?)
}
class saddaṃ {
<<nāma>>
🚹⨀①
english(noise)
}
class assosi {
<<ākhyāta>>
⨀🤟⏮
english([he] heard)
}
sentence *-- kiṃ: nipāta
sentence *-- saddaṃ: kattar
sentence *-- assosi : ākhyāta