F: `upasagga ` meanings

Detailed Meanings of upasagga Particles

Note

Sometimes, certain upasagga words shown by the ◊ mark can also be used independently in sentences in addition to being used as prefixes.

`pa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specifically, specially, in various ways	`pajānāti`	`pa` + `jānāti`	(he) knows specifically, in various ways
	`paññā`	`pa` + `ñā`	knowing specifically, in various ways, i.e. wisdom, knowledge
up	`paggaṇhāti`	`pa` + `gaṇhāti`	(He) takes up, lifts up by praise and support etc.
	`paggāho`	`pa` + `gāho`	such an act
away, abroad, far away	`pakkamati`	`pa` + `kamati`	(He) goes away
	`pakkanto`	`pa` + `kanto`	gone away
	`pavāsaṁ`	`pa` + `vāsaṁ`	living abroad, the distant place
	`pavāsī`	`pa` + `vāsī`	lresident abroad, one who lives at a distant region or country
the source	`pabhavati`	`pa` + `bhavati`	(It) originates. i.e. it starts to happen
	`pabhavo`	`pa` + `bhavo`	origin
successively	`papitāmaho`	`pa` + `pitāmaho`	great-grandfather
	`panattā`	`pa` + `nattā`	great-grandchildren
	`pācariyā`	`pa` + `ācariyā`	successive generation of preceding teachers
chief, noble	`padhānaṁ`	`pa` + `dhānaṁ`	chief, principal
	`pāvacanaṁ`	`pa` + `vacanaṁ`	the noble words of Buddha, i.e. canonical texts
	`paṇītaṁ`	`pa` + `nītaṁ`	noble, the best
being clear and clean	`pasīdati`	`pa` + `sīdati`	(It) settles clear (as the mind being clear with joy and faith)
	`pasanno`	`pa` + `sanno`	being joyous or pleased with joy etc.
inside	`pakkhipati`	`pa` + `khipati`	(He) puts inside
	`pakkhitto`	`pa` + `khitto`	having put inside
	`pasassati`	`pa` + `sassati`	(He) breathes in
	`passāso`	`pa` + `ssāso`	inhalation
intensifier	`padahati`	`pa` + `dahati`	(He) puts inside
	`padhānaṁ`	`pa` + `khitto`	Effort in meditation practice or in any pursuit
	`pavassati`	`pa` + `vassati`	(It) rains heavily
	`pavanaṁ`	`pa` + `vanaṁ`	thick forest

`parā`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
opposite of	`parājayati`	`parā` + `jayati`	(He) fails or is defeated
	`parājayo`	`parā` + `jayo`	defeat, failure (compare with `jayati` - conquers)
	`parābhavati`	`parā` + `bhavati`	(He) loses
	`parābhavo`	`parā` + `bhavo`	loss, ruin (compare with `bhavati` - happens, arises)
again and again, continuously	`parakkamati`	`parā` + `kamati`	(He) makes effort again and again
	`parakkamo`	`parā` + `kamo`	continuous, successive effort
wrongly	`parāmasati`	`parā` + `āmasati`	(He) touches it wrongly, takes it in wrong way
	`parāmāso`	`parā` + `āmāso`	touching wrongly, wrong view

`ni`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
out, away	`nikkhamati`	`ni` + `kamati`	(He) comes out
	`niggato`	`ni` + `gato`	gone out, left
down, into	`nidahati`	`ni` + `dahati`	(He) keeps underneath, stores (as of precious things by burying) or takes it deeply
	`nidhānaṁ`	`ni` + `dhānaṁ`	such an act
	`nihito`	`ni` + `hito`	having kept down
	`nikkhipati`	`ni` + `khipati`	(He) drops down
	`nikkhitto`	`ni` + `khitto`	having dropped
	`nisīdati`	`ni` + `sīdati`	(He) settles down. i.e. sits
	`nisinno`	`ni` + `sinno`	having sat
	`niggaṇhāti`	`ni` + `gaṇhāti`	(he) takes down, i.e. censures (compare `paggaṇhāti` - lifts up by praise etc.)
	`niggaha`	`ni` + `gaha`	censure (compare `paggaha` - encouragement and support)
back down, as in going or in an action, opposite of	`nivattati`	`ni` + `vattati`	backs down or gives up
	`nivattanaṁ`	`ni` + `vattanaṁ`	returning or act of giving up
without, lack of	`nidukkho`	`ni` + `dukkho`	without suffering
	`nirogo`	`ni` + `rogo`	without disease, healthy
	`nillajjo`	`ni` + `lajjo`	without shame, shameless

`nī`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
out, off, to remove	`nīharati`	`nī` + `harati`	(He) takes out, removes
	`nīharaṇaṁ`	`nī` + `haraṇaṁ`	act of taking out, removal

Note

Both Ni and Nī are not different from each other except the fact that one is a lengthened-form of upasagga.

`u`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
up, upward	`uggacchati`	`u` + `gacchati`	(It) goes upward
	`uggamanaṁ`	`u` + `gamanaṁ`	act of going up
	`uṇṇamati`	`u` + `namati`	(It) leans up (as a young shoot of tree or like a person being arrogant)
	`uṇṇamanaṁ`	`u` + `namanaṁ`	act of leaning up, arrogance, pride
	`uggaṇhāti`	`u` + `gaṇhāti`	takes upward, i.e. learns
wrong, opposite of	`ummaggo`	`u` + `maggo`	the wrong path
	`uddhammaṁ`	`u` + `dhammaṁ`	wrong Dhamma
	`ubbinayaṁ`	`u` + `vinayaṁ`	wrong Vinaya (discipline)
intensifier	`uyyuñjanti`	`u` + `yuñjanti`	to make intensive effort
	`ubbādhati`	`u` + `bādhati`	(It) stresses out intensely, exhausts
	`ubbādhanaṁ`	`u` + `bādhanaṁ`	such a condition

`du`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
bad, unwholesome, poor in nature	`duccarati`	`du` + `carati`	(He) acts badly or unethically
	`dukkaṭaṁ`	`du` + `kataṁ`	bad deed
	`duggati`	`du` + `gati`	bad rebirth, bad destiny
ill, inauspicious	`dumaṅgalaṁ`	`du` + `maṅgalaṁ`	inauspiciousness
	`dunnimittaṁ`	`du` + `nimittaṁ`	bad omen
without, lack of	`dubbhikkhaṁ`	`du` + `bhikhaṁ`	without food, famine
	`dussīlo`	`du` + `sīlo`	without morality
	`duppañño`	`du` + `pañño`	without wisdom, ignorant
	`dusassaṁ`	`du` + `sassaṁ`	lack of paddy, having poor crops of rice due to draught or pests etc.
being difficult of	`dukkaraṁ`	`du` + `karaṁ`	hard to do
	`dullabhaṁ`	`du` + `labhaṁ`	hard to get
	`dujjānaṁ`	`du` + `jānaṁ`	hard to know

`saṁ`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
together, in union	`saṁvasati`	`saṁ` + `vasati`	(He) lives together
	`saṁvāso`	`saṁ` + `vāso`	act of being together, co-habitation
	`saṁyujjati`	`saṁ` + `yujjati`	(It) joins together
	`saṁyogo`	`saṁ` + `yogo`	act of joining together
well, unitedly	`saṅgāyati`	`saṁ` + `gāyati`	(He) sings or chants together
	`saṅgīti`	`saṁ` + `gīti`	act of singing together
	`saṅkharoti`	`saṁ` + `karoti`	act of singing together
	`saṅkhāro`	`saṁ` + `karo`	such an act or state, i.e. conditioned things
	`saṅgahṇāti`	`saṁ` + `gaṇhāti`	(He) takes well, such as by means of praise, support etc.
	`saṅgaho`	`saṁ` + `gaho`	such an act
self, oneself	`sambhujjhati`	`saṁ` + `bhujjhati`	(He) knows by himself (without any outside help)
	`sambuddho`	`saṁ` + `bhuddho`	the one who knows by himself, i.e. a Buddha
	`sandiṭṭhiko`	`saṁ` + `diṭṭhiko`	seen by oneself
again and again	`sandhāvati`	`saṁ` + `dhāvati`	(It) runs again and again (from one life to another etc)
	`saṁsarati`	`saṁ` + `sarati`	(It) happens again and again
intense, intensifier	`sāratto`	`saṁ` + `ratto`	attached with strong lust or attachment (Note: “saṁ” becomes “sā” here)

Note

“ṁ” becomes “ṅ” as it precedes “kh” or “g” in the words above.
“ṁ” becomes “m” as it precedes “bh”.
“ṁ” becomes “n” as it precedes “dh”, “d”.

`vi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specially	`vipassati`	`vi` + `passati`	(He) sees specially
	`vipassanā`	`vi` + `passanā`	act of seeing in a special way. i.e. insight meditation
transformed	`vikaroti`	`vi` + `karoti`	(He) makes so that it becomes something else
	`vikati`	`vi` + `kati`	such an act, a non-natural state (Compare `pakati` “natural” with `vikati` “non-natural”)
	`vimukho`	`vi` + `mukho`	face being changed, the changed face due to unhappiness or anger etc.
	`vipatisāro`	`vi` + `patisāro`	thinking with guilt, regret
variously, in different ways	`vimati`	`vi` + `mati`	various thought, different view, doubt
opposite of, against	`vivadati`	`vi` + `vadati`	(He) speaks against, disputes or quarrels
	`vivādo`	`vi` + `vādo`	dispute, bickering, conflicting talk
	`vya’sanaṁ`	`vi` + `asanaṁ`	ruin, loss
without, out	`virajjati`	`vi` + `rajjati`	(He) does not crave, detaches
	`virāgo`	`vi` + `rāgo`	such an act, detachment
being off, separated, being apart	`viyujjati`	`vi` + `yujjati`	(It) does not join, disjoins
	`viyogo`	`vi` + `yogo`	such an act
	`vippayutto`	`vi` + `pa` + `yutto`	disjoined
	`vigacchati`	`vi` + `gacchati`	(It) goes off, disappears
	`vigamo`	`vi` + `gamo`	such an act

`ava`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
down, inside	`avagacchati`, `oggacchati`	`ava` + `gacchati`	(It) goes down
	`avagamanaṁ`, `oggamanaṁ`	`ava` + `gamanaṁ`	such an act
	`avagaṇhāti`, `oggaṇhāti`	`ava` + `gaṇhāti`	(It) submerges, goes down into water etc. or looks into the problem, ponders upon (figuratively used)
	`avagāho`	`ava` + `gāho`	such an act
	`osarati`	`ava` + `sarati`	(He) goes down into water etc.
contemptuously, mean	`avajānāti`	`ava` + `jānāti`	(He) knows contemptuously, looks down
	`avamāno`	`ava` + `māno`	such an act, disdain
	`avaharati`	`ava` + `harati`	(He) takes it in a mean manner, i.e. steals
	`avahāro`	`ava` + `hāro`	such an act, stealing

Note

Note: “Ava” and “O” are two interchangeable upasagga words.

◊ `anu`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
at every frequency of time, occurring at certain times, repeatedly*	`anumāsaṁ`	`anu` + `māsaṁ`	every month
	`anvaddhamāsaṁ`	`anu` + `addhamāsaṁ`	every half month
	`anudinaṁ`	`anu` + `dinaṁ`	every day
	`anusaṁvaccharaṁ`	`anu` + `saṁvaccharaṁ`	every year
following, after	`anugacchati`	`anu` + `gacchati`	(He) goes following, accompanies
	`anve’ti`	`anu` + `eti`	(same meaning)
	`anugati`	`anu` + `gati`	such an act
	`anujānāti`	`anu` + `jānāti`	(He) knows accordingly as requested, i.e. permits
	`anuññā`	`anu` + `ñā`	permission
	`anuññāto`	`anu` + `ñāto`	allowed, permitted
	`anukūlaṁ`	`anu` + `kūlaṁ`	suitable, appropriate, following the course of a person’s action
again and again, repeatedly	`anuyuñjati`	`anu` + `yuñjati`	(He) engages again and again, i.e. makes repeated effort, interrogates
	`anuyogo`	`anu` + `yogo`	such an act, questioning repeatedly, sustained effort
	`anussarati`	`anu` + `sarati`	(He) remembers repeatedly
	`anumodati`	`anu` + `modati`	(He) rejoices repeatedly
	`anumodanaṁ`, `anumodo`	`anu` + `modati`	such an act
	`anusaṁvaṇṇeti`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇeti`	explains again and again, re-explains
	`anusaṁvaṇṇanā`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇanā`	re-explanation, sub-commentary
behind	`anurathaṁ`	`anu` + `rathaṁ`	behind chariot or vehicle
alongside, in imitation of	`soto nadiṁ anusandati`	`anu` + `sandati`	the current flows along the river
	`bhagavantaṁ anupavajjiṁsu`	`anu` + `pavajjiṁsu`	(Young Sakyan princes too) ordained in imitating the Buddha
	`Sisso ācariyaṁ anugacchati ca anuvattati ca`	`anu` + `gacchati` / `vattati`	The pupil follows teacher and imitates too
inferior or lower in rank, sub-standard	`anutherā`	`anu` + `therā`	those below senior monks, i.e. less-senior monks
	`anunāyakā`	`anu` + `nāyakā`	those below senior leaders, i.e. less-senior leaders
in compliance with, suitable, being appropriate, favorable, agreeable, according to	`anurūpaṁ`	`anu` + `rūpaṁ`	suitable, appropriate (compare `patirūpaṁ` “suitable”)
	`anukūlaṁ`	`anu` + `kūlaṁ`	suitable, agreeable. following (the bank of a river etc. a figurative expression, compare `paṭikūlaṁ` “disagreeable, unlikable” - also a figurative expression)
	`anulomaṁ`	`anu` + `lomaṁ`	in sequential order (“following the hair”, a figurative expression, compare `paṭilomaṁ` “in reverse order”, also a figurative expression)
	`anurujjhati`	`anu` + `rujjhati`	(he) favors, likes
	`anurodho`	`anu` + `rodho`	favour, agreement (compare `virodho` “disfavor, dislike”)
small, in detail	`anubyañjanaṁ`	`anu` + `byañjanaṁ`	small bodily marks or parts and figure
	`anusaṁvaṇṇeti`	`anu` + `saṁ` + `vaṇṇeti`	explains in detail

* (followed by descriptive word of time such as māsa “month”, addhamāsa “half month”, dina “day” or saṁvacchara “year” etc.)

`pari`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
from all around, round and round, being surrounded	`parikkharitvā`	`pari` + `karitvā`	having surrounded
	`parikkhāro`	`pari` + `karo`	accessory, personal effects
	`paribhāsati`	`pari` + `bhāsati`	(He) says condescendingly (as in giving instructions or yelling abusive language)
	`paribhāsā`	`pari` + `bhāsā`	such an act as a directive or a revilement
	`paricchedati`	`pari` + `chedati`	(He) cuts from all around, sets the limits
	`paricchedo`	`pari` + `chedo`	such an act, limitation, section, chapter
	`parikhā`	`pari` + `khā`	moat, dug around the palace premises in ancient times
overall	`parijānāti`	`pari` + `jānāti`	(He) knows overall
	`pariññā`	`pari` + `ñā`	overall knowledge
being dominant	`paribhavati`	`pari` + `bhavati`	(He) is from all around, dominates, bullies
	`Paribhavo`	`pari` + `bhavo`	such an act

◊ `adhi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
up, above, over	`adhivāseti`	`adhi` + `vāseti`	(He) lets it on him, i.e. accepts or enjoys without resisting
	`adhivāsanā`	`adhi` + `vāsanā`	such an act, acceptance of a request or desire etc.
	`adhiṭṭhāti`	`adhi` + `ṭhāti`	(It) firmly stands, i.e. firmly resolves in mind
	`adhiṭṭhānaṁ`	`adhi` + `ṭhānaṁ`	firm mental resolve, strong decision
specially, superior, supreme	`adhisīlaṁ`	`adhi` + `sīlaṁ`	superior Sīla
	`adhirājā`	`adhi` + `rājā`	the supreme king
	`adhidevatā`	`adhi` + `devatā`	the supreme deity
being dominant of, the lord over (usually followed by a noun in 7th case when it means being “the lord over” as an independently used word)	`Adhi devesu Buddho`	`adhi`	The Buddha is supreme lord of deities
	`adhigahṇāti`	`adhi` + `gahṇāti`	(It) takes up all, i.e. exceeds (as a prefix to a verb)
	`adhipati`	`adhi` + `pati`	lord
	`ajjhāvasati`	`adhi` + `ā` + `vasati`	(He) lives as a lord or being dominant, reigns. (as a king or chief authority of a location)
	`ajjhāvāso`	`adhi` + `ā` + `vāso`	such an act
attain, reach	`adhigacchati`	`adhi` + `gacchati`	realizes, knows, attains
	`adhigamo`	`adhi` + `gamo`	such an act
deeply	`adhimuccati`	`adhi` + `muccati`	(One) keeps in depth (such as tendencies, thoughts etc.)
	`adhimutti`	`adhi` + `mutti`	such a mental condition, inner tendency or preferences
excessively, very much	`adhimaññati`	`adhi` + `maññati`	(He) thinks highly
	`adhimāno`	`adhi` + `māno`	viewing oneself highly, extreme self-pride, such as thinking oneself that one has attained a higher state of spiritual progress which is not true
with regard to, relating to, in connection with	`adhikicca`	`adhi` + `kicca`	concerning, in respect of

`abhi`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
specially, being special, distinctive	`abhijānāti`	`abhi` + `jānāti`	(One) knows in a special manner
	`abhiññā`	`abhi` + `ñā`	special knowledge, psychic powers etc.
	`abhidhammo`	`abhi` + `dhamma`	special Dhamma
beyond	`abhikkamati`	`abhi` + `kamati`	(It) goes beyond, proceeds, pleased
	`abhikkanto`	`abhi` + `kanto`	gone ahead, pleased
very much, predominantly	`abhicchati`	`abhi` + `icchati`	(He) wants it very much
	`abhibhavati`	`abhi` + `bhavati`	(It) dominates
	`abhibhūto`	`abhi` + `bhūto`	being overwhelmed
	`abhirūpo`	`abhi` + `rūpo`	very beautiful
	`abhinandati`	`abhi` + `nandati`	(He) enjoys or likes very much
	`abhiniggaṇhāti`	`abhi` + `ni` + `gaṇhāti`	(It) represses very much, restrains
	`abhijjhā`	`abhi` + `jhā`	looking beyond, i.e. covetousness
towards	`abhimukhaṁ`	`abhi` + `mukhaṁ`	face-ward, toward oneself
opposite, recklessly, wrongly	`abbhācikkhati`	`abhi` + `ācikkhati`	(he) wrongly accuses, says the opposite
up, above, upward	`Abhiruhati`	`abhi` + `ruhati`	(It) climbs up, grows up (as a tree)
	`abhisiñjati`	`abhi` + `siñjati`	(It) pours on, sprinkles on (as on a tree or on the hand or head)
	`abhiseko`	`abhi` + `seko`	such an act of sprinkling, in times of coronation of kings in ancient times, coronation itself is called `abhiseka`

◊ `pati`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
again	`paccāgacchati`	`pati` + `ā` + `gacchati`	(He) comes back, returns
	`paccāgamanaṁ`	`pati` + `ā` + `gamanaṁ`	such an act, coming back (Note: Refer to {19} for Pacca-function)
	`patikaroti`	`pati` + `karoti`	(It) acts back, reacts, cures as with medicine
in response to	`patijānāti`	`pati` + `jānāti`	(He) knows back, admits
	`paṭiññā`	`pati` + `ñā`	such an act, confession, promise
	`pativadati`	`pati` + `vadati`	replies or responds
	`patikaroti`	`pati` + `karoti`	reacts, heals (an offence or a disease), repays a gratitude
	`patisuṇāti`	`pati` + `suṇāti`	listens or responds
	`pativacanaṁ`	`pati` + `vacanaṁ`	reply word, response
instead of, in exchange for*	`telasmā pati ghataṁ dadāti`	`pati`	Instead of sesame oil, (he) gives ghee
	`tilehi pati māse dadāti`	`pati`	Instead of sesame, (he) gives beans
opposite of, against, contrary to	`pativirujjhati`	`pati` + `virujjhati`	(It) counteracts. opposes
	`pativirodho`	`pati` + `virodho`	opposition, disfavor
	`patipakkho`	`pati` + `pakkho`	opposite party
	`patimukhaṁ`	`pati` + `mukhaṁ`	facing against, face to face
	`patisotaṁ`	`pati` + `sotaṁ`	against current, upstream
	`pativātaṁ`	`pati` + `vātaṁ`	against the direction of the wind
	`patikūlaṁ`	`pati` + `kūlaṁ`	disagreeable, unfavorable
back, backward	`patikkamati`	`pati` + `kamati`	(He) moves back, returns
	`patikkante`	`pati` + `kante`	when returned
	`patilomaṁ`	`pati` + `lomaṁ` (“hair”)	backward order, reversely
	`patikkhipati`	`pati` + `khipati`	(He) throws back, rejects
	`patikkhitto`	`pati` + `khitto`	having thrown back, being rejected, given up on
representing, on behalf of*	`Buddhasmā pati sāriputto dhammaṁ deseti`	`pati`	Representing Lord Buddha, Venerable Sāriputta teaches the Dhamma
similar to, an imitation of (a fake), being suitable	`patirūpaṁ`	`pati` + `rūpaṁ`	image, suitable
minor parts or limbs of the body such as fingers etc.	`paccaṅgāni`	`pati` + `aṅgāni`	minor parts of the body
intensifier	`patihaññati`	`pati` + `haññati`	(he) feels hurt, stresses out
	`patigho`	`pati` + `gho`	anger, stress
	`pativijjhati`	`pati` + `vijjhati`	knows penetratingly, enlightened

* (usually preceded by a word to be represented in the ablative case, used as independent word)

`su`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
well, good	`sucaritaṁ`	`su` + `caritaṁ`	good conduct or action
	`sugandho`	`su` + `gandho`	good smell
	`Sujano`	`su` + `jano`	good person
	`sugati`	`su` + `gati`	good rebirth
auspicious	`sukhaṇo`	`su` + `khaṇo`	auspicious moment
	`svāgataṁ`	`su` + `ā` + `gataṁ`	auspicious coming, good coming. i.e. Welcome!
being easy of	`sukaraṁ`	`su` + `karaṁ`	easy to do
	`sulabhaṁ`	`su` + `labhaṁ`	easy to obtain
	`sujjānaṁ`	`su` + `jānaṁ`	easy to know
abundance	`sukaraṁ`	`su` + `bhikkhaṁ`	abundance of food

◊ `ā`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
till, up to (used as an independent word in a sentence)	`ā bhavaggā`	`ā`	till the uppermost heaven
	`ā Brahmalokā`	`ā`	till the world of Gods
modifier affecting opposite meaning of the root it prefixed, in reverse of	`āgacchati`	`ā` + `gacchati`	(He) comes (compare `gacchati` “(he) goes”)
	`āgamanaṁ`	`ā` + `gamanaṁ`	coming (compare `gamanaṁ` “going”)
	`āyāti`	`ā` + `yāti`	(He) comes (compare `yāti` “(he) goes”)
	`ādāti`	`ā` + `dāti`	(He) takes (compare `dāti` “(he) gives”)
	`ādānaṁ`	`ā` + `dānaṁ`	taking (compare `dānaṁ` “giving”)
	`āneti`	`ā` + `neti`	(He) brings (compare `neti` “(he) carries”)
upward	`āruhati`	`ā` + `ruhati`	(He) climbs up
intensely, firmly, intensifier	`ādānaṁ`	`ā` + `dānaṁ`	intensely grabbing, clinging
intensely, firmly, intensifier	`āhaññati`	`ā` + `haññati`	(It) hurts intensely
	`āghāto`	`ā` + `ghāto`	hurt feelings, grudge

`ati`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
over, very much, excessively	`aticchati`	`ati` + `icchati`	(He) wants it very much
	`aticchā`	`ati` + `icchā`	such an act
	`atirocati`	`ati` + `rocati`	(It) looks very much beautiful
	`atipaṇītaṁ`	`ati` + `paṇītaṁ`	very noble, the best.
beyond, transgress, across	`atikkamati`	`ati` + `kamati`	(He) moves beyond, transgress
	`atikkanto`	`ati` + `kanto`	gone beyond
	`accayo`	`ati` + `ayo`	act of going beyond, i.e. offense, fault

◊ `api`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
also, too	`Dhammaṁ api`	`api`	to the Dhamma also
even though, although, even if, despite	`Api dibbesu kāmesu-even in divine pleasures`	`api`	he does not enjoy
introducing a question	`Api bhante bhikkham labhittha?`	`api`	Have you got food
Venerable Sir?
above, cover up, close on (used as prefix)	`pidahati`	`api` + `dahati`	(He) closes, covers (Here, `a` is to be elided always)
	`apidhānaṁ`	`api` + `dhānaṁ`	cover of a pot etc.

◊ `apa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
away from, off	`apakkamati`	`apa` + `kamati`	(He) moves away
	`apagacchati`	`apa` + `gacchati`	(It) moves away, disappears
	`apeti`	`apa` + `i` + `ti`	(same meaning)
do away with, negatively, wrongly	`apavadati`	`apa` + `vadati`	(he) negatively says, rejects
	`apavādo`	`apa` + `vādo`	verbal rejection of something
	`apakaroti`	`apa` + `karoti`	(He) does ungratefully or does away with other’s good deed, ignores good-deed received from friends
	`apakāro`	`apa` + `karo`	improper deed, wrong action, act of ingratitude
	`aparajjhati`	`apa` + `rajjhati`	(He) offends, or sometimes (it) fails to hit the target
	`aparādho`	`apa` + `rādho`	Fault, offense, failure

`upa`

meaning	example	combination	example meaning
near to, close by, towards	`upanisīdati`	`upa` + `ni` + `sīdati`	(He) sits near
	`upanisinno`	`upa` + `ni` + `sinno`	having sat closely
	`upanagaraṁ`	`upa` + `nagaraṁ`	near the city
	`upagacchati`	`upa` + `gacchati`	approaches, i.e. goes near, toward
	`upapajjati`	`upa` + `pajjati`	closely happens, i.e. conceives or born
	`Upapatti`	`upa` + `patti`	conception or birth
firmly, intensifier	`upādānaṁ`	`upa` + `ā` + `dānaṁ`	clinging
up, high (as in good-willed act, attaining a high condition etc.)	`upakaroti`	`upa` + `karoti`	highly acts, i.e. helps
	`upakāro`	`upa` + `karo`	such an act, a good-willed help (done usually by parents, good friends etc.
	`upasampajjati`*	`upa` + `saṁ` + `pajjati`	attains higher state
	`upasampanno`*	`upa` + `saṁ` + `panno`	having attained a higher state
allegation	`upavadati`	`upa` + `vadati`	(He) speaks closely, i.e. accuses
	`upavādo`	`upa` + `vado`	accusation
deputy or assistant or the second in rank, subordinate	`uparājā`	`upa` + `rājā`	the crown prince
	`ppaukkaṭho`	`upa` + `ukkaṭho`	vice-chairman
over, exceeds (usually followed by a locative word in its context denoting the lesser amount or value)	`Upa khāriyaṁ doṇo`	`upa`	A measure of “doṇa`is in excess of a`khāri`

* (ṁ becomes m as it precedes p)

Last modified August 17, 2023: Add bitransitive to samples sentences (1eb8b80)

F: `upasagga ` meanings

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Note

`pa`

`parā`

`ni`

`nī`

Note

`u`

`du`

`saṁ`

Note

`vi`

`ava`

Note

◊ `anu`

`pari`

◊ `adhi`

`abhi`

◊ `pati`

`su`

◊ `ā`

`ati`

◊ `api`

◊ `apa`

`upa`

F: `upasagga ` meanings

Note

pa

parā

ni

nī

Note

u

du

saṁ

Note

vi

ava

Note

◊ anu

pari

◊ adhi

abhi

◊ pati

su

◊ ā

ati

◊ api

◊ apa

upa

`pa`

`parā`

`ni`

`nī`

`u`

`du`

`saṁ`

`vi`

`ava`

◊ `anu`

`pari`

◊ `adhi`

`abhi`

◊ `pati`

`su`

◊ `ā`

`ati`

◊ `api`

◊ `apa`

`upa`