E: `sandhi` Rules
sandhi rules from Kaccāyana {12}-{51}Categories:
Part of “A Beginner (Non-Linguist) Guide to Learning Pali”
Key
- → = “becomes,” “changes into,” “results in.” ⎯ → ∅ = elision.
- ∅ → = insertion.
- / = “in the environment of.”
- = meeting.
#= word boundary.- [] = optionality (only after symbols).
- (V̆ ) = short vowel.
- (V̄ ) = long vowel.
- (C) = consonant.
- (CC) = double consonant.
“vowel → (V̄ ) [usually] / __ vowel [same class]”
says that any vowel (vowel) in the environment before another vowel (/ __ vowel) of the same class is usually lengthened (→ (V̄ ) [usually]).
| sutta | rule | before | after |
|---|---|---|---|
| {12} | Vowel → ∅ / __ vowel | yassa+indriyāni | yass’indriyāni samathaṅ’gatāni |
| hi+etaṁ | no he’taṁ bhante | ||
| sametu+āyasmā | sametā’yasmā saṁghena | ||
| {13} | Vowel / __ dissimilar vowel, dissimilar vowel → ∅ | cattāro+ime | cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā |
| kinnu+imā+eva | kinʼnu’mā’va samaṇiyo | ||
| (exception) | pañca+indriyāni | pañci’ndriyāni | |
| (exception) | tayo+assu | taya’ssu dhammā jahitā bhavanti | |
| {14} | a or ā→∅ [occasionally] / __ i or ī,i or ī→e | bandhussa+iva | bandhusse’va samāgamo |
| {14} | a or ā→∅ [occasionally] / __ u or ū,u or ū→o | na+upeti | saṅkhyaṁ • no’peti vedagū |
| (exception) | yassa+indriyāni | yassi’ndriyāni | |
| (exception) | tathā+upamaṁ | tathū’pamaṁ dhammavaraṁ adesayi | |
| {15} | Vowel → ∅ [occasionally] / __ vowel, vowel → (V̄) | saddhā+idha | saddhī’dha vittaṁ purisassa seṭṭhaṁ |
| ca+ubhayaṁ | anāgārehi •cū’bhayaṁ | ||
| (exception) | pañcahi+upāli | pañcahu’pāli aṅgehi samannāgato | |
| (exception) | natthi+aññaṁ kiñci | nattha’ññaṁ kiñci | |
| {16} | Vowel (V̆) → (V̄) [occasionally] / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | kiṁsu+idha | kiṁsū’dha vittaṁ purisassa seṭṭhaṁ |
| sādhu+iti | sādhū’ti paṭissuṇitvā | ||
| (exception) | iti+assa muhuttaṁ+api | iti’ssa muhuttam’pi | |
| {17} | e[of me,te,ke,ye etc.]→y /__a followed by (CC) / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | te+assa | tyā’ssa pahīnā honti |
| {17} | e[of me,te,ke,ye etc.]→y / __ a followed by (C), a → (V̄) / __ vowel, vowel → ∅ | me+ayaṁ | adhigato kho • myā’yaṁ dhammo |
| te+ahaṁ | yā’haṁ evaṁ vadeyyaṁ | ||
| (exception) | ne+anāgatā | ne’nāgatā | |
| (exception) | na+ettha | iti ne’ttha | |
| (exception) | na+ettha | iti ne’ttha | |
| {18} | o → v [occasionally] / __ dissimilar vowel | kho+assa | atha • khva’ssa |
| so+assa | sva’ssa hoti | ||
| (exception) | cattāro+ime | cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā | |
| {18} | u → v [occasionally] / __ dissimilar vowel | bahu+ābādho | bahvā’bādho |
| vatthu+ettha | vatthve’ttha vihitaṁ niccaṁ | ||
| cakkhu+āpāthaṁ+āgacchati | cakkhvā’pātha’māgacchati | ||
| (exception) | kinnu+imā’va | kinnumā’va samaṇiyo | |
| {19} | ti → c [occasionally], c → cc | iti+etaṁ | icce’taṁ kusalaṁ |
| iti+assa | icca’ssa vacanīyaṁ | ||
| pati+uttaritvā | paccu’ttaritvā | ||
| pati+āharati | paccā’harati | ||
| (exception) | iti+assa muhuttaṁ+api | iti’ssa muhuttam’pi |
(TBD: incomplete)