J: `kibbidhāna` (`kita` affixes)
kita affixes and their meanings
Part of “A Beginner (Non-Linguist) Guide to Learning Pali”
kita affixed nouns {546} usually have a sense of a “doer” (someone who does
something). This appendix contains a subset of the examples provided in
Kaccāyana - consult the book for a full set of examples.
Kita’ntogadha dutiyā Tappurisa
saddūpapada ②
(nearby noun eg. kamma-work, kumbha-pot, mālā-flower) +
dhātu (eg. kara, gaha) + affix (eg. ṇa)
| rule | phrase | saddūpapada | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {524} | kammaṁ karotī’ti | kamma | kara | ṇa | kamma + kara + ṇa (o) | kammakāro | the one who does work ie. “worker”, “laborer” |
| {525} | ariṁ dametī’ti | ari | damu | a | ari(n) + damu + a (o) | arindamo | the one who subdues enemies (eg. rājā) |
| {525} | taṇhaṁ karotī’ti | taṇhā | kara | a | taṇhā(an) + kara + a (o) | taṇhaṅkaro | the one who overcomes cravings (eg. bhagavā) |
| {526} | pure dānaṁ adāsī’ti | pura | dada | a | pura(in) + dada + a (o) | purindado | the one who gave alms in the previous past lives (eg. devarājā) |
| {527} | taṁ karotī’ti | ta | kara | a | ta(k) + kara + a (o) | takkaro | the one who does that deed |
| {527} | rathaṁ karotī’ti | ratha | kara | ṇvu | ratha + ka(ā)ra(k) + ṇvu (o) | rathakārako | the one who makes chariot, the chariot-maker |
| {527} | taṁ karotī’ti | ta | kara | tu | ta(k) + kara(t) + tu (ā) | takkattā | the one who does that deed |
| {527} | bhayaṁ passatī’ti | bhaya | disa | āvī | bhaya + disa(ass) + āvī | bhayadassāvī | the one who sees danger |
Miscellaneous
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {528} | pavisatī’ti | visa | ṇa | pa + vi(e)sa + ṇa (o) | paveso | the one who enters |
| {528} | rujatī’ti | ruja | ṇa | ruja(og) + + ṇa (o) | rogo | that which afflicts, pain or disease |
| {528} | uppajjatī’ti | pada | ṇa | u + (p)pa(ā)da + + ṇa (o) | uppādo | that which arises, the process of arising |
| {529} | paccate, pacanaṁ vā | paca | ṇa | paca(k) + + ṇa (o) | pāko | act of cooking (bhāva) |
| {530} | sambhavatī’ti | bhū | kvi | saṁ + bhū + kvi | sambhū | the one which happens or arises well |
| {531} | dharati tenā’ti | dhara | ramma | dhara + ramma (o) | dhammo | the wholesome righteous Dhamma by which good-result are carried |
| {538} | samaggaṁ kammaṁ sa’mupagacchatī’ti | hana | ra | saṁ + hanagh + ra (o) | saṁgho | the community of brethren who congregates to (conduct) the sacred activities unitedly |
tassīlā (habitual pattern)
- a habit, habitual pattern, a consistent character (
tassīlā) - an ingrained nature (
taddhamma) - a dedicated habit of doing things well (
tassādhukārī)
| rule | phrase | saddūpapada | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {532} | piyaṁ pasaṁsituṁ sīlaṁ yassa rañño, so hoti rājā | piya | saṁsa | ṇī | piya + pa + saṁsa + ṇī | piyapasaṁsī | the king who used to praise the loved ones |
| {532} | pasayha pavattituṁ sīlaṁ yassa rañño, so hoti rājā | pasayha | vatu | tu | pasayha + pa + vatu + tu (ā) | pasayhapavattā | the king who used to behave overbearingly |
| {532} | bhayaṁ passituṁ sīlaṁ yassa samaṇassa so hoti samaṇo | bhaya | disa | āvī | bhaya + di(as)sa + āvī | bhayadassāvī | the monk who used to see dangers (of unwholesome actions) |
| {534} | bhavapāraṁ gantuṁ sīlaṁ yassa purisassa, so hoti puriso | pāra | gamu | rū | bhavapāra + gamu + rū | bhavapāragū | the man whose habit is to go the other shore of life, i.e. an enlightened Arahanta monk |
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {533} | ghosanasīlo | sadda, kudha, cala, maṇḍa, ruca, ghusa | yu | ghu(o)sa + yu (no) | ghosano | the one whose habit is to be vocal, the vocal one, noisy talker |
| {533} | bhikkhanasīlo yācanasīlo | bhikkha | rū | bhikkha + rū (u) | bhikkhu | the one used to begging |
| {533} | āhananasīlo | hana | ṇuka | ā + (gh)hana(ā) + (t)ṇuka (o) | āghātuko | the executioner, killer |
kicca affixes {545}
These affixes are associated with passive-voice (kamma) verbal nouns or
middle-voice (bhāva) verbs. Some Pali grammar books refer to them as “future
passive particles” but this only describes the kamma sense of these words.
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {540} | bhavitabbaṁ | bhū | anīya | bhū(av) + anīya (ṁ) | bhavanīyaṁ | (It) should be (Kamma sense), or the state of being (Bhāva sense) |
| {541} | kattabbaṁ | kara | ṇya | kara(i) + ṇya (ṁ) | kāriyaṁ | (It) should be done (kamma) or act of doing, an act (bhāva) |
| {541} | ñātabbaṁ | ñā | teyya | ñā + teyya (ṁ) | ñāteyyaṁ | it should be known (kamma) or act of knowing (bhāva) |
| {542} | kattabbaṁ | kara | ricca | kara + ricca (ṁ) | kiccaṁ | something that should be done, i.e. a matter or a case or a duty to do |
| {543} | bhavitabbo | bhū | ṇya | bhū + ṇya(abba) (o) | bhabbo | likely to happen, likely to occur |
yu affix (sādhana)
| rule | sense | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {547} | bhāva | nandīyate | nanda | yu | nanda + yu(na) (ṁ) | nandanaṁ | act of liking, the pleasure |
| {547} | kamma | nanditabbaṁ | nanda | yu | nanda + yu(na) (ṁ) | nandanaṁ | something which should be pleased with, being pleasant or such a thing |
| {548} | kattu | rajaṁ haratī’ti | hara | yu | raja(o) + hara + yu(na) (ṁ) | rajoharaṇaṁ | the dust-remover |
| {548} | karaṇa | karoti tenā’ti | kara | yu | kara + yu(na) (ṁ) | karaṇaṁ | a supporting cause, a means or an instrument by which actions are accomplished |
| {548} | padesa | tiṭṭhanti tasmin’ti | ṭhā | yu | ṭhā + yu(na) (ṁ) | ṭhānaṁ | point or location on which things stand or exist |
sañña + i
| rule | sense | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {551} | kamma | paṭhamaṁ ādīyatī’ti | dā | i | ā + dā + i | ādi | something taken initially, a beginning, an inception, a starting point |
| {551} | | udakaṁ dadhātī’ti | dhā | i | udaka + dhā + i | udadhi | that which carries water, an ocean |
| {551} | kattu | maho’dakāni dadhātī’ti | dhā | i | mahodaka + dhā + i | mahodadhi | that which carries great (amount of) water, an ocean |
| {551} | adhikaraṇa | vālāni dadhāti tasmin’ti | dhā | i | vāla + dhā + i | vāladhi | that which carries great (amount of) water, an ocean |
| {551} | kamma | sammā dhīyatī’ti | dhā | i | saṁ(n) + dhā + i | sandhi | act of combining well |
sañña (well wishes)
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {552} | jino enaṁ bujjhatū’ti | budha | ti | jina + bud(d)ha + ti | jinabuddhi | may the Buddha know him |
| {552} | dhanaṁ assa bhavatū’ti | bhū | ti | dhana + bhū + ti | dhanabhūti | may he be prosperous or wealthy |
| {552} | bhavatū’ti | bhū | ta | bhū + ta (o) | bhūto | may be, i.e. grow |
| {552} | bhavatū’ti | bhū | ṇa | bhū(a) + ṇa(v) (o) | bhāvo | bhāvo |
| {552} | dhammo enaṁ dadātū’ti | dā | ta | dhamma + dā(i) + ta(nn) (o) | dhammadinno | may the Dhamma give him (happiness) |
| {552} | vaḍḍhatū’ti | vaḍḍha | māna | vaḍḍha + māna (o) | vaḍḍhamāno | prosperous |
itthi
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {553} | jīratī’ti | jara | a | jara + a (ā) | jarā | that which degenerates, decaying, the old-age |
| {553} | maññatī’ti | mana | ti | mana + ti | mati | that which thinks, thought, view, opinion |
| {553} | cetayatī’ti | citi | yu | ci(e)ti~~(a) + yun (ā) | cetanā | that which motivates, motive, volition, intent |
| {553} | vedayatī’ti | vida | yu | vi(e)da + yun (ā) | vedanā | that which feels, feeling |
kara + ririya
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {554} | kattabbā | kara | ririya | kara + ririya (ā) | kiriyā(🚺) | an action |
| {554} | karaṇīyaṁ | kara | ririya | kara + ririya (ṁ) | kiriyaṁ(🚻) | an action |
Atīta (past)
past perfect verbs and verbal nouns (also referred to as past participles)
| rule | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {555} | hu | ta | hu + ta (o) | huto | given, sacrificed |
| {555} | hu | tavantu | hu + tavantu (ā) | hutavā | given, sacrificed |
| {555} | hu | tāvī | hu + tāvī | hutāvī | given, sacrificed |
ta affix (voice)
| rule | sense | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {556} | bhāva | tassa | ge | ta | ge(ī) + ta + (ṁ) | gītaṁ | singing, i.e. The singing act of that person |
| {556} | kamma | tena | bhāsa | ta | bhāsa(i) + ta + (ṁ) | bhāsitaṁ | is said, i.e. said by that person |
| {557} | kattā | sabbe saṅkhatā’saṅkhate dhamme bujjhati, abujjhi, bujjhissatī’ti | budha | ta | bud(d)ha + ta + (o) | buddho | the one who knows, who knew and who will know all conditioned and uncondi- tioned phenomena, the Buddha |
ina affix
| rule | sense | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {558} | kattā | pāpake akusale dhamme jināti, ajini, jinissatī’ti | ji | ina | ji + ina (o) | jino | the one who subjugates, subjugated and will subjugate the evil, bad, unwholesome mental states, Buddha, the victor of evil |
| {559} | kattā | supatī’ti | supa | ina | supa + ina (ṁ) | supinaṁ | dream, (seen while sleeping) |
| {559} | bhāva | supīyate | supa | ina | supa + ina (ṁ) | supinaṁ | sleep |
īsaṁ, du, su + kha
| rule | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {560} | si | a | īsaṁ(s) + si + a (yo) | īsassayo | little-sleeping, a nap (bhavatā) |
| {560} | si | a | du(s) + si + a (yo) | dussayo | badly-sleeping, bad sleep (bhavatā) |
| {560} | si | a | su(s) + si + a (yo) | sussayo | well-sleeping sleep (bhavatā) |
tuṁ affix
| rule | meaning | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {561} | “wish” or “purpose”* | puññāni | kara | tave | kara + tave | kātave | to do, i.e. for the purpose of doing meritorious deeds |
| {561} | “wish” or “purpose”* | saddhammaṁ | su | tuṁ | su(o) + tuṁ | sotu’micchati | He wants to listen to the Dhamma |
| {562} | worthiness and ability | saddhammaṁ | ninda | tuṁ | ninda(i) + tuṁ | ninditum’arahati | Who deserves to blame that person? |
| {563} | “appropriateness” to do something | ala’meva dānāni | dā | tuṁ | dā + tuṁ | dātuṁ | to offer, i.e. It is only appropriate to offer alms (as it can enrich one in many ways) |
| {563} | “appropriateness” to do something | ala’meva puññāni | kara | tuṁ | kara + tuṁ | kātuṁ | to do, i.e. It is fitting or suitable to do meritorious deeds (as it can lead to wholesome results) |
*in a sentence having one same Kattā (subject)
tuna, tvāna, tvā (gerund or absolutive)
To express concurrent actions of a single doer, one being a
preceding action and the other being next subsequent action.
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {564} | kātuna kammaṁ gacchati | kara | tuna | kara(ā) + tuna | kātuna | He goes (after) having done work |
| {564} | akātuna puññaṁ kilissanti | kara | tuna | na + kara(ā) + tuna | kātuna | (He) will suffer for not having done meritorious deeds |
| {564} | sattā sutvāna dhammaṁ modanti | su | tvāna | su + tvāna | sutvāna | having heard Dhamma, the living beings are delighted |
| {564} | jitvāna vasati | ji | tvāna | ji + tvāna | jitvāna | Having conquered the enemy (ripuṁ), (he) lives |
| {564} | sutvāna’ssa eta’dahosi | su | tvāna | su + tvāna | sutvāna | having heard Dhamma, this thought arose in him (in his mind) |
| {564} | sutvāna amutra kathayanti | su | tuna | su + tvāna | sutvāna | having heard here, they say there (what they heard) |
| {564} | sutvā jānissāma | su | tvā | su + tvā | sutvā | We must know (how to respond) (only after) having heard (from you) |
māna, anta (present participle)
To express an on-going action being done or still taking place at present,
(i.e. as yet unfinished action).
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {565} | saramāno rodati | sara | māna | sara + a + māna (o) | saramāno | (he) cries while remembering |
| {565} | gacchanto gaṇhāti | gamu | anta | gamu(cch) + anta (o) | gacchanto | (he) takes or grabs while going |
ritu, ratthu, rātu, tuka, ika
| rule | phrase | dhātu | affix | transformation | word | meaning |
|---|
| {566} | sāsatī’ti | sāsa | ratthu | sāsa + ratthu (ā) | satthā | the one who teaches, the teacher |
| {566} | sāsati hiṁsatī’ti vā | sāsa | ratthu | sāsa + ratthu (ā) | satthā | the one who hurts the defilements, Buddha who hurts defilements |
| {567} | pāti puttan’ti | pā | ritu | pā + ritu (ā) | pitā | the one who protects one’s offspring, the father |
| {568} | dhammena puttaṁ mānetī’ti | māna | rātu | māna + rātu (ā) | mātā | the one who justly adores (her) offspring, the mother |
| {568} | pubbe bhāsatī’ti | bhāsa | rātu | bhāsa + rātu (ā) | bhātā | the one who speaks (first before other young siblings) i.e. Brother. |
| {568} | mātāpitūhi dhārīyatī’ti | dhara | ritu | dhara + ri(ī)tu (ā) | dhītā | the one who speaks (first before other young siblings) i.e. Brother |
| {569} | āgacchatī’ti | gamu | tuka | ā + gamu(n) + tuka (o) | āgantuko | the one who comes (to visit) (bhikkhu) |
| {570} | gamissati, gantuṁ bhabbo’ti | gamu | ika | gamu + ika (o) | gamiko | the one who will go or who is likely (be going on a trip). the would-be-traveler, the tourist (bhikkhu) |