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𑀓𑀘𑁆𑀘𑀸𑀬𑀦 (Kaccāyana)
1 - Introduction
Context
Kaccāyana is the oldest extant Pāli grammar, and was composed around the sixth century CE, most probably in India. It is partly based on Pāṇini and Kātantra:
- Pāṇini, Aṣṭādhyāyī “Eight Lessons” 5th–4th c. B.C.E. Śalātura Northwest India
- Śarvavarman, Kātantravyākaraṇa 2nd c. C.E. South India
The author of Kaccāyana is attributed to Mahā Kaccāyana, but modern scholars believe it is authored by multiple compilers and gradually evolved over time. According to James D’Alwis in An introduction to Kachchāyana’s grammar of the Pāli language:
- the grammatical aphorisms (
sutta
), are ascribed to a certain Kaccāyana, - the “gloss” or explanation (
vutti
) is ascribed to a certain Saṅghanandin - the examples (
payoga
) is ascribed to a certain Brahmadatta
According to the Thai monk Dhammakitti in Saddhammasaṅgaha (Saddhamma-s IX, 18-20, 35):
kaccāyano kato yogo saṃghanandi pavuttikā, ṭīkā vimalabodhī ca brahmaputto ca kārakā.
(SADDHĀNANDA, 1890: 63)
Kaccāyana composed the yoga [“rule”], Saṅghanandin the pavuttikā [“notes”], and Vimalabodhī the ṭīkā [“commentary”], and Brahmaputto the kāraka [“section on factor of action”].
The structure of Kaccāyana
There are 673 rules (sutta
), depending on the edition, spread across the following chapters and sections:
- Sandhi
- Definitions
- Vowel sandhi
- Consonant sandhi
- niggahīta (ṃ) sandhi
- Miscellanea
- Nāma
- Definitions, Internal sandhis, Default Declensions
- Pronominal declension, an-stems
- Pronominal dec. continued, mano-gaṇa, an-stems, tar-stems.
- an-stems cont., feminine stems, adv. pronouns, nta-stems
- Adverbial affixes
- KĀRAKA
- SAMĀSA
- TADDHITA
- Ākhyāta
- Definitions
- Special stems, causatives, bhāva, vb. classes
- Reduplication, Special stems
- Special affixes and stems
- Kibbidhāna
- Definition of kicca and kit affixes
- Use of affixes with tenses, voices, etc.
- niṭṭhā affixes
- Modification of vb. stems in primary derivation
- UṆĀDI
The structure of a sutta
Each sutta
(rule, or grammatical aphorism) is described in a series of subsections or “fields”. The vutti
is always present, the other fields may be present.
field | function | tags |
---|---|---|
vutti | gloss, or explanation | repeats and expands the words from the sutta |
udāharaṇa | examples | taṃyathā |
kimudāharaṇa | counter-examples | kasmā / kimatthaṃ |
payojana | application/purpose/scope of the rule (“where is it used”) | kvattho / kimpayojanaṃ |
gahaṇaphala | result of mentioned words, comments on anuvṛtti, meaning of ca or vā, etc. | (xxx)(sadda)ggahaṇena… eg. rule 35: casaddaggahaṇena iheva makārassa pakāro hoti . |
Example (the first number is the Kaccāyana rule number, the second is the equivalent Padarūpasiddhi rule number):
151, 250.Bahuvacanesu vono.
Sabbesaṃ tumhaamhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ vonoādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyābahuvacanesu paresu. Kataṃ vo kammaṃ, kataṃ no kammaṃ. Padatoti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi kataṃ, amhehi kataṃ. Bahuvacanaggahaṇena yomhi paṭhame vo noādesā honti. Gāmaṃ vo gaccheyyātha, gāmaṃ no gaccheyyāma.
field | text |
---|---|
no | 151 |
Padarūpasiddhi | 250 |
sutta | Bahuvacanesu vono. |
vutti | Sabbesaṃ tumhaamhasaddānaṃ savibhattīnaṃ yadā padasmā paresaṃ vonoādesā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyābahuvacanesu paresu. |
udāharaṇa | Kataṃ vo kammaṃ, kataṃ no kammaṃ. |
kimudāharaṇa | Padatoti kimatthaṃ? Tumhehi kataṃ, amhehi kataṃ. |
payojana | |
gahaṇaphala | Bahuvacanaggahaṇena yomhi paṭhame vo noādesā honti. Gāmaṃ vo gaccheyyātha, gāmaṃ no gaccheyyāma. |
Other examples:
361, 388.Ṇavisamādīhi.
Ṇapaccayo hoti visamādīhi ‘‘tassa bhāvo’’iccetasmiṃ atthe. Visamassa bhāvo vesamaṃ, sucissa bhāvo socaṃ.
field | text |
---|---|
no | 361 |
Padarūpasiddhi | 388 |
sutta | Ṇavisamādīhi. |
vutti | Ṇapaccayo hoti visamādīhi ‘‘tassa bhāvo’’iccetasmiṃ atthe. |
udāharaṇa | Visamassa bhāvo vesamaṃ, sucissa bhāvo socaṃ. |
kimudāharaṇa | |
payojana | |
gahaṇaphala |
364, 398.Tadassatthīti vī ca.
“Tadassatthi"iccetasmiṃ atthe vīpaccayo hoti. Medhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatītimedhāvī. Evaṃ māyāvī. Caggahaṇena sopaccayo hoti. Sumedhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti sumedhaso.
field | text |
---|---|
no | 364 |
Padarūpasiddhi | 398 |
sutta | Tadassatthīti vī ca. |
vutti | “Tadassatthi"iccetasmiṃ atthe vīpaccayo hoti. |
udāharaṇa | Medhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatītimedhāvī. Evaṃ māyāvī. |
kimudāharaṇa | |
payojana | |
gahaṇaphala | Caggahaṇena sopaccayo hoti. Sumedhā yassa atthi, tasmiṃ vā vijjatīti sumedhaso. |
59, 182.Te itthikhyā po.
Te ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā yadā itthikhyā, tadā pasaññā honti. Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā. Itthikhyāti kimatthaṃ? Isinā, bhikkhunā. Saiccanena kvattho? Pato yā.
field | text |
---|---|
no | 59 |
Padarūpasiddhi | 182 |
sutta | Te itthikhyā po. |
vutti | Te ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā yadā itthikhyā, tadā pasaññā honti. |
udāharaṇa | Rattiyā, itthiyā, dhenuyā, vadhuyā. |
kimudāharaṇa | |
payojana | Saiccanena kvattho? Pato yā. |
gahaṇaphala |
57, 71.Ālapane si ga sañño.
Ālapanatthe si gasañño hoti. Bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti kharādiye. Ālapaneti kimatthaṃ? Sā ayyā. Sīti kimatthaṃ? Bhotiyo ayyāyo. Gaiccanena kvattho? Ghate ca.
field | text |
---|---|
no | 57 |
Padarūpasiddhi | 71 |
sutta | Ālapane si ga sañño. |
vutti | Ālapanatthe si gasañño hoti. |
udāharaṇa | Bhoti ayye, bhoti kaññe, bhoti kharādiye. |
kimudāharaṇa | Ālapaneti kimatthaṃ? Sā ayyā. Sīti kimatthaṃ? Bhotiyo ayyāyo. |
payojana | Gaiccanena kvattho? Ghate ca. |
gahaṇaphala |
Types of suttas
The rules can be classified into four categories, and additional subcategories, with examples given below:
saññā
(technical term)anvattha
(meaningful)8, 10.Aṃiti niggahitaṃ. saññā anvattha
Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ nāma hoti. Tena kvattho? Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ.rūḷhī
(artificial)58, 29.Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā jhalā. saññā rūḷhī
Ivaṇṇuvaṇṇāiccete jhalasaññā honti yathāsaṅkhyaṃ. Isino , aggino, gahapatino, daṇḍino. Setuno, ketuno, bhikkhuno. Sayambhuno, abhibhuno. Jhalaiccanena kvattho? Jhalato sassa no vā.
adhikāra
(domain)sīhagatika
(comprehensive)52, 60.Jinavacanayuttaṃhi. adhikāra sīhagatika
“Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi” iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.maṇḍūkagatika
(selective)131, 0.Itthipumanapuṃsakasaṅkhyaṃ. adhikāra maṇḍūkagatika
“Itthipumanapuṃsakasaṅkhyaṃ” iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.yathānupubbika
(progressive)413, 427.Kāle. adhikāra yathānupubbika
“Kāle” iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.
paribhāsā
(metarule)saññaṅga
(definition metarule)9, 11.Parasamaññā payoge. paribhāsā saññaṅga
Yā ca pana paresu sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vā aghosāti vā, tā payoge sati etthāpi yujjante. Tattha ghosā nāma-ga gha ṅa, ja jha ña, ḍa ḍha ṇa, da dha na, ba bha ma, ya ra la va ha ḷa, iti ghosā nāma. Aghosā nāma-ka kha, ca cha, ṭa ṭha, ta tha, pa pha, sa, iti aghosā nāma. Tena kvattho? Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā.vidhyaṅga
(operational metarule)10, 12.Pubbamadhoṭhita massaraṃ sarena viyojaye. paribhāsā vidhyaṅga
Tattha sandhiṃ kattukāmo pubbabyañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ katvā sarañca upari katvā sarena viyojaye. Tatrāyamādi.aññaṅga
(other metarule)54, 62.Tato ca vibhattiyo. paribhāsā aññaṅga
Tato jinavacanayuttehi liṅgehi vibhattiyo parā honti.
vidhi
(operation)utsarga
(general rule)12, 13.Sarā sare lopaṃ. vidhi utsarga
Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃ papponti. Yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni. No hetaṃ bhante sametāyasmā saṅghena.apavāda
(exception)13, 15.Vā paro asarūpā. vidhi apavāda
Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā. Cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā, kinnu’ māvasamaṇiyo. Vāti kasmā? Pañcindriyāni, tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti.
According to Aleix Ruiz-Falqués in A Short Introduction to the Pāli Kaccāyana Grammar:
Several
saññā
“technical terms”,
within anadhikāra
“domain”,
followingparibhāsā
“metarules”,
will be subject tovidhi
“operations”
in order to derive words or sentences.
Megarules
mahāsutta
or “megarules” are four rules that are invoked in order to derive forms that cannot be derived otherwise.
- 391, 423.Yadanupapannā nipātanā sijjhanti.
Ye saddā aniddiṭṭhalakkhaṇā, akkharapadabyañjanato, itthipumanapuṃsakaliṅgato , nāmupasagganipātato, abyayībhāvasamāsataddhitākhyātato, gaṇanasaṅkhyākālakārakappayogasaññāto, sandhipakativuddhilopāgamavikāraviparitato, vibhattivibhajanato ca, te nipātanā sijjhanti.
“Those [words] that are not formed by the suttas, should be formed as irregular forms.” - 403, 354.Kvacādimajjhuttarānaṃ dīgharassā paccayesu ca.
Kvaci ādimajjhauttaraiccetesaṃ dīgharassā honti paccayesu ca apaccayesu ca.
“Sometimes, there is lengthening or shortening at the beginning, middle or end [vowels of a word], even before affixes.” - 404, 370.Tesu vuddhilopāgamavikāraviparītādesā ca.
Tesu ādimajjhuttaresu yathājinavacanānuparodhena kvaci vuddhi hoti, kvaci lopo hoti, kvaci āgamo hoti, kvaci vikāro hoti, kvaci viparīto hoti, kvaci ādeso hoti.
“And in those cases [cf. rule 405], [sometimes,] there is full grade, elision, augment, modification, change, or replacement.” - 517, 488.Kvaci dhātuvibhattipaccayānaṃ dīgha viparītādesalopāgamā ca.
Idha ākhyāte aniddiṭṭhesu sādhanesu kvaci dhātuvibhattipaccayānaṃ dīghaviparītādesalopāgamaiccetāni kāriyāni jinavacanānurūpāni kātabbāni.
“Sometimes [for verbal forms that cannot be derived otherwise, there is] lengthening, change, replacement or augment of the verbal root, the personal ending, or the affix(es).”
Rule 52 is halfway between a megarule and a normal rule:
52, 60.Jinavacanayuttaṃhi.
“Jinavacanayuttaṃ hi” iccetaṃ adhikāratthaṃ veditabbaṃ.
Ghost metarules
“Ghost Metarules” are paribhāsās that are consistently invoked in the commentaries, but that you will never see in the sūtra treatise.
Examples:
ekamhi vattabbe ekavacanaṃ bahumhi vattabbe bahuvacanan
[e.g. Mmd 28,15–16]
“The singular is used when one [object] is to be stated, the plural is used when many [objects] are to be stated.”
[NOTE: in Pāṇini, 1.4.21 bahuṣu bahuvacanam (“plural for many [objects]”) & 1.4.22 dvyekayor dvivacanaikavacane (“dual and singular for two or one [objects respectively]”) are considered saṃjñā (“definition”) rules.]vatticchānupubbikā saddapaṭipatti
[e.g. Mmd 64,17–18]
“The meaning of a word is determined by the intention of the speaker.”vuttatthānam appayogo
[23 times in Mmd, e.g. 133,20]
“Words whose meaning has already been stated are not used.”yogavibhāgā iṭṭhappasiddhi
[Mmd, e.g. 252,29]
“After the splitting up (vibhāgā) of the sutta (yoga) [there is] the expected result [only].”
Usage of rūḷhī
In a sutta, a rūḷhī
(artificial technical term) will have a case ending that matches the role/usage of the term within a rule. For example jha
(used for masculine/neuter nominal bases ending with i
or ī
):
case | jha | usage |
---|---|---|
① | jho | i /ī (*replacement) |
② | jhaṃ | i /ī (substitute) |
③ | jhena | not used |
④ | jhassa | not used |
⑤ | jhamhā /jhato | “after i /ī ” |
⑥ | jhassa | “instead of i /ī ” |
⑦ | jhasmiṃ | “before i /ī ” |
Types of vidhi (operation)
- ādesa “replacement”
- āgama “insertion”
- vikāra “modification”
- lopa “elision”
- viparīta “metathesis”
Structure of a vidhi (operation)
An operation converts Before
into After
surrounded by Previous
and Next
, in the context of Marker
and Semantic
.
block-beta columns 8 Previous["Previous"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("Before") class Before pre space:2 After("After") class After post Before--"vidhi"-->After end Next["Next"] class Next context Marker[/"Marker"\] class Marker mod1 Semantic[\"Semantic"/] class Semantic mod2 class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
As an illustration, the sequence AXB
is replaced with AYB
:
block-beta columns 8 Previous["A"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("X") class Before pre space:2 After("Y") class After post Before--"becomes"-->After end Next["B"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Markers:
- ca
- api
- vā
- kvaci
- na
- niccaṃ
- …
Semantic: “in the sense of …”
Case endings are used to determine the various roles in the rule
block-beta columns 8 Previous0["Previous"] class Previous0 context block:operation0:4 columns 4 Before0["Before"] class Before0 pre space:2 After0["After"] class After0 post Before0--"ādesa"-->After0 end Next0["Next"] class Next0 context Marker0["Marker"] class Marker0 mod1 Semantic0["Semantic"] class Semantic0 mod2 Previous1["⑤"] class Previous1 context block:operation1:4 columns 4 Before1["⑥"] class Before1 pre space:2 After1["①"] class After1 post Before1--"ādesa"-->After1 end Next1["⑦"] class Next1 context Marker1["n/a"] class Marker1 mod1 Semantic1["⑦"] class Semantic1 mod2 Previous2["⑤"] class Previous2 context block:operation2:4 columns 4 Before2["①"] class Before2 pre space:2 After2["①"] class After2 post Before2--"ādesa"-->After2 end Next2["⑦"] class Next2 context Marker2["n/a"] class Marker2 mod1 Semantic2["⑦"] class Semantic2 mod2 Previous3["⑤"] class Previous3 context block:operation3:4 columns 4 Before3["①"] class Before3 pre space:2 After3["②"] class After3 post Before3--"ādesa"-->After3 end Next3["⑦"] class Next3 context Marker3["n/a"] class Marker3 mod1 Semantic3["⑦"] class Semantic3 mod2 classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Example: rule 103 (ato n’ ena
) - “After a, nā [becomes] ena”:
block-beta columns 8 ato n' space space ena space space space x1["⑤"] x2["①"] space space x3["①"] space space space Previous["a"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("nā") class Before pre space:2 After("ena") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end space space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
buddha + nā
→ buddha + (nā→ena) (rule 103)
→ buddhena
Example: rule 70 (jhalānam iyuvā sare vā
) - “Optionally, before a vowel: iya replaces i/ī, uva replaces u/ū”:
block-beta columns 8 space jhalānam space:2 iyuvā sare vā space space x1["⑥"] space space x2["①"] x3["⑦"] space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("i/ī,u/ū") class Before pre space:2 After("iya,uva") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Example: rule 12 (sarā sare lopaṃ
) - “Vowels, before a vowel, [adopt] elision”:
block-beta columns 8 space sarā lopaṃ:2 space sare space space space x1["①"] x2["②"]:2 space x3["⑦"] space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre space:2 After("~~sara~~") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
tena + upasaṅkami
→ ten(a) + upasaṅkami (rule 12)
→ tenupasaṅkami
Most vidhi “operational” rules teach paccaya “affixation” or ādesa “replacement” using previous definitions (saññā-s). It is all about adding particles to a base, and then replacing them if/when needed. To understand vidhi-s, we should keep in mind the following code of case endings:
- ⑤ - “after X”
- ⑥ - “instead of X”
- ① - “X”, ādesa
- ⑦ - “before X”
- ⑦ - “in the sense of X”
Other available translations
- Satis Chandra Acharyva, Widyabhusana, Kaccayana’s Pali Grammar, The Mahabodhi Society, Calcutta (1901)
- Phramaha Thiab Malai, Kaccāyana-Vyākarana: A Critical Study, Department of Sanskrit and Pali Studies, University of Pune (1997)
- A. Thitzana, Kaccāyana Pāli Vyākaraṇaṁ Volumes 1 and 2, Pariyatti Press (2016)
- U Silananda, U Nandisena, Kaccāyanabyākaraṇaṁ, Institudo de Estudios Buddhistas Hispano (IEBH) (2005, 2017)
Motivation
I have decided to attempt a new translation of Kaccāyana’s grammar, because of several reasons:
- I am not entirely satisfied with the existing translations. Some of them seem to lack clarity (primarily due to the writing style). Others don’t explain the examples well enough, and yet others are too verbose, inserting explanations not in the original text.
- There are some spelling errors and mistakes in the edition published on Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipiṭaka, some of which have been incorporated into existing translations. I have taken the opportunity to correct the mistakes, uncovered by scholars such as O. H. Pind and A. Ruiz-Falqués.
- Unlike some translations, I am honouring the use of option markers in Kaccāyana, and in most cases am faithfully translating
vā
as “optionally”,kvaci
as “occasionally” andnavā
as “by exception.” - I am also cross referencing the use of technical terms with other classical Pāli grammars.
- It is a good way to further my understanding of Pāli.
- It is also a good opportunity for me to introduce the Brahmi script. As we know, there are no surviving Buddhist texts written in Brahmi, so there is no need to learn this script, however, I like it due to it’s elegance and simplicity.
- I wanted to augment the translations with diagrams, and incorporate worked through grammatical analysis and rule derivations in the examples.
- In comparison with the other classical Pāli grammars, Kaccāyana is brief and succinct, minimising repetition. It was used as a standard textbook for teaching Pāli in countries such as Burma for many years, and often used in various monasteries as a Pāli reference text.
- I prefer Kaccāyana to most English Pāli textbooks and grammar books, as it describes Pāli without the distorting lens of Western linguistics.
- My translation is presented using a modern responsive web design, featuring Google’s Noto Sans font.
References
- James D’Alwis, An introduction to Kachchāyana’s grammar of the Pāli language, with an introduction, appendix, notes, etc., Williams and Norgate, London (1863)
- Dhammakitti, Dr. Satischandra Vidyabhusana; Punnananda Swami; Sailendranath Mitra, Bālāvatārā - an Elementary Pāli Grammar Abridged for the Undergraduate Course, University of Calcutta (1935)
- Aleix Ruiz-Falqués, On the Authorship of Kaccāyana, the Oldest Pāli Grammar, Pariyatti: Studies In Pāli Language And Literature, Aditya Prakashan, New Dehli (2017)
- Aleix Ruiz-Falqués, A Short Introduction to the Pāli Kaccāyana Grammar, Shan State Buddhist University, Taunggyi (Myanmar) (2020)
- Mahesh A. Deokar, Technical Terms and Technique of The Pali and Sanskrit Grammars, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi (2008)
2 - 1. 𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀺𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧 (Sandhikappa)
sandhi
is derived from saṃ
+ dhā
meaning “putting together” and is used to refer to the transformation that result from the joining together of two words (or two parts of a word) for the sake of euphony.(a)
To the Supreme, honoured in the three worlds, worthy of the ultimate salute,
To the pure Dhamma of the Buddha and the highest collection (the Tipiṭaka);
To fully understand the meaning of the excellent words of that Teacher,
I will articulate thoroughly here the sutta (rules) in the sandhikappa (Sandhi Chapter)
(b)
The wise obtain using the excellent method proclaimed by the Conqueror,
As well as fully understanding the meaning of his words;
And the clear knowledge of the meaning in the words and letters,
Excellent benefit for those who will listen to the words here in many ways.
(Ka)
Seṭṭhaṃ tilokamahitaṃ abhivandiyaggaṃ,
Buddhañca dhammamamalaṃ gaṇamuttamañca;
Satthussa tassa vacanatthavaraṃ suboddhuṃ,
Vakkhāmi suttahitamettha susandhikappaṃ.
(Kha)
Seyyaṃ jineritanayena budhā labhanti,
Tañcāpi tassa vacanatthasubodhanena;
Atthañca akkharapadesu amohabhāvā,
Seyyatthiko padamato vividhaṃ suṇeyyaṃ.
(𑀓)
𑀲𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀁 𑀢𑀺𑀮𑁄𑀓𑀫𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀯𑀦𑁆𑀤𑀺𑀬𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀁
𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀥𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀫𑀫𑀮𑀁 𑀕𑀡𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀫𑀜𑁆𑀘
𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀼𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀯𑀘𑀦𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀯𑀭𑀁 𑀲𑀼𑀩𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥𑀼𑀁
𑀯𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀸𑀫𑀺 𑀲𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀫𑁂𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀲𑀼𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀺𑀓𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀁
(𑀔)
𑀲𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀚𑀺𑀦𑁂𑀭𑀺𑀢𑀦𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀸 𑀮𑀪𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺
𑀢𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀸𑀧𑀺 𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀯𑀘𑀦𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀲𑀼𑀩𑁄𑀥𑀦𑁂𑀦
𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀧𑀤𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀅𑀫𑁄𑀳𑀪𑀸𑀯𑀸
𑀲𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀓𑁄 𑀧𑀤𑀫𑀢𑁄 𑀯𑀺𑀯𑀺𑀥𑀁 𑀲𑀼𑀡𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬𑀁
(क)
सेट्ठं तिलोकमहितं अभिवन्दियग्गं,
बुद्धञ्च धम्मममलं गणमुत्तमञ्च;
सत्थुस्स तस्स वचनत्थवरं सुबोद्धुं,
वक्खामि सुत्तहितमेत्थ सुसन्धिकप्पं।
(ख)
सेय्यं जिनेरितनयेन बुधा लभन्ति,
तञ्चापि तस्स वचनत्थसुबोधनेन;
अत्थञ्च अक्खरपदेसु अमोहभावा,
सेय्यत्थिको पदमतो विविधं सुणेय्यं।
2.1 - 1.1 𑀧𑀞𑀫𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Paṭhamakaṇḍa) - Definitions
akkhara
(sounds, or letters), and rules for carrying out sandhi1 [R1] Meaning from recognition of akkhara
(sounds, or letters)
𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑁄 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸𑀢𑁄 (attho akkharasaññāto
)
adhikāra
sīhagatika
akkhara
means “constant, durable, long-lasting” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “sounds, tones, words” and also the letters of the alphabetical syllabary.All meanings of words are based on the recognition of “akkhara” (sounds, or letters).
A mistaken akkhara
result in difficulty in interpreting meaning, therefore proficiency in akkhara
is extremely helpful in (deciphering) the rules (or understanding the suttas in the Tipiṭaka).
Sabbavacanānamattho akkhareheva saññāyate. Akkharavipattiyaṃ hi atthassa dunnayatā hoti, tasmā akkharakosallaṃ bahūpakāraṃ suttantesu.
𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀯𑀘𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀣𑁄 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑁂𑀳𑁂𑀯 𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸𑀬𑀢𑁂𑁇 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀯𑀺𑀧𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀁 𑀳𑀺 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀤𑀼𑀦𑁆𑀦𑀬𑀢𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀫𑀸 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀓𑁄𑀲𑀮𑁆𑀮𑀁 𑀩𑀳𑀽𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀲𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼𑁇
सब्बवचनानमत्थो अक्खरेहेव सञ्ञायते। अक्खरविपत्तियं हि अत्थस्स दुन्नयता होति, तस्मा अक्खरकोसल्लं बहूपकारं सुत्तन्तेसु।
2 [R2] 41 akkhara
starting with a
𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸𑀧𑀸𑀤𑀬𑁄𑀏𑀓𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀮𑀻𑀲𑀁 (akkharāpādayoekacattālīsaṃ
)
saññā
anvattha
And there are forty one akkhara
constructed from sounds/syllables, starting with a
.
Te ca kho akkharā api akārādayo ekacattālīsaṃ1 suttantesu sopakārā.
Taṃ yathā?
a ā i ī u ū e o,
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,
iti akkharā nāma.
The CSCD edition misspells this as
ekacattā līsa
. ↩︎
𑀢𑁂 𑀘 𑀔𑁄 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀅𑀧𑀺 𑀅𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑀬𑁄 𑀏𑀓𑀘𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀮𑀻𑀲𑀁 𑀲𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀲𑁄𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀅 𑀆 𑀇 𑀈 𑀉 𑀊 𑀏 𑀑,
𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗,
𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜,
𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡,
𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦,
𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫,
𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀲 𑀳 𑀍𑀅 𑀅𑀁,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
ते च खो अक्खरा अपि अकारादयो एकचत्तालीसं सुत्तन्तेसु सोपकारा।
तं यथा?
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ओ,
क ख ग घ ङ,
च छ ज झ ञ,
ट ठ ड ढ ण,
त थ द ध न,
प फ ब भ म,
य र ल व स ह ऌअ अं,
इति अक्खरा नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 1: attho akkharasaññāto (meaning from recognition of akkhara)3 [R3] (From akkhara) eight ending with “o”: sara (vowel)
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣𑁄𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞 (tatthodantā sarā aṭṭha
)
saññā
anvattha
sara
means “sound, voice, intonation, accent” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “vowel”. Vowels have independent existence, unlike consonants which need to be combined with vowels to make a sound.Regarding the akkhara
, the eight akkhara
starting with a
and ending with o
are called sarā
(vowels).
Tattha akkharesu akārādīsu odantā aṭṭha akkharā sarā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
a ā i ī u ū e o,
iti sarā nāma.
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀅𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑀻𑀲𑀼 𑀑𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀅 𑀆 𑀇 𑀈 𑀉 𑀊 𑀏 𑀑,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
तत्थ अक्खरेसु अकारादीसु ओदन्ता अट्ठ अक्खरा सरा नाम होन्ति।
तं यथा?
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ओ,
इति सरा नाम।
Independent vowels:
Vowel marks (to be added to consonants):
Example of vowel marks added to ka
:
Applicability
Refer to rule 12: sarā sare lopaṃ (elision of vowel from vowels)4 [R4] 3 short vowels: rassa
𑀮𑀳𑀼𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀢𑀬𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸 (lahumattā tayo rassā
)
saññā
anvattha
rassa
refers to a “short” vowel (with a metrical length of one morae, or approximately the time taken to blink the eyes).Regarding the eight vowels, the three short vowels are called rassa
.
The rassa
vowels are:
a i u.
Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu lahumattā tayo sarā rassā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
a i u,
iti rassā nāma.
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀲𑀼 𑀲𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀮𑀳𑀼𑀫𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀢𑀬𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀅 𑀇 𑀉,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
तत्थ अट्ठसु सरेसु लहुमत्ता तयो सरा रस्सा नाम होन्ति।
तं यथा?
अ इ उ,
इति रस्सा नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 26: Rassaṃ (short vowels)5 [R5] Other (vowels) are dīgha
(long)
𑀅𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁂 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀸 (aññe dīghā
)
saññā
anvattha
dīgha
refers to a “long” vowel (with a metrical length of two morae, or perhaps even longer).Regarding the eight vowels, the five vowels other than the short vowels are called “digha.”
The digha vowels are:
ā ī ū e o.
Tattha aṭṭhasu saresu rassehi aññe pañca sarā dīghā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
ā ī ū e o,
iti dīghā nāma.
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀲𑀼 𑀲𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀅𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁂 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀆 𑀈 𑀊 𑀏 𑀑,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
तत्थ अट्ठसु सरेसु रस्सेहि अञ्ञे पञ्च सरा दीघा नाम होन्ति।
तं यथा?
आ ई ऊ ए ओ,
इति दीघा नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 25: Dīghaṃ (long vowels)6 [R6] Remaining (letters) are byañjanā
(consonants)
𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸 (sesā byañjanā
)
saññā
anvattha
byañjana
means “attribute, sign, mark” and in the context of Kaccāyana it means “consonant”, because consonants are “signs” that manifest the meaning of a word. From a metrical perspective, they are regarded as having a length of half a morae.Having set aside the eight vowels, the (remaining) letters starting with ka
and ending with the niggahita
(aṃ
) are named byañjana
(consonants).
The byañjanā are:
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ.
Ṭhapetvā aṭṭha sare sesā akkharā kakārādayo niggahitantā byañjanā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ,
iti byañjanā nāma.
𑀞𑀧𑁂𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀸 𑀅𑀝𑁆𑀞 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀓𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑀬𑁄 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗,
𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜,
𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡,
𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦,
𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫,
𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀲 𑀳 𑀍𑀅 𑀅𑀁,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
ठपेत्वा अट्ठ सरे सेसा अक्खरा ककारादयो निग्गहितन्ता ब्यञ्जना नाम होन्ति।
तं यथा?
क ख ग घ ङ,
च छ ज झ ञ,
ट ठ ड ढ ण,
त थ द ध न,
प फ ब भ म,
य र ल व स ह ऌअ अं,
इति ब्यञ्जना नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 23: Sarā pakati byañjane (vowels naturally in consonants)7 [R9] vagga
: 5 by 5 (consonants) ending with ma
𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀸 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀲𑁄 𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸 (vaggā pañcapañcaso mantā
)
saññā
anvattha
vagga
means “group” or “series”.The consonants starting with ka
and ending with ma
arranged in five groups of five, are named vagga
(grouped).
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma.
Tesaṃ kho byañjanānaṃ kakārādayo makārantā pañcapañcaso akkharavanto vaggā nāma honti.
Taṃ yathā?
ka kha ga gha ṅa,
ca cha ja jha ña,
ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa,
ta tha da dha na,
pa pha ba bha ma,
iti vaggā nāma.
𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀓𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑀬𑁄 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀲𑁄 𑀅𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀯𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
𑀢𑀁 𑀬𑀣𑀸?
𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗,
𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜,
𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡,
𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦,
𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
तेसं खो ब्यञ्जनानं ककारादयो मकारन्ता पञ्चपञ्चसो अक्खरवन्तो वग्गा नाम होन्ति।
तं यथा?
क ख ग घ ङ,
च छ ज झ ञ,
ट ठ ड ढ ण,
त थ द ध न,
प फ ब भ म,
इति वग्गा नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 31: Vaggantaṃ vā vagge (end-of-groups vs groups)8 [R10] aṃ
: niggahita
𑀅𑀁 𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 (aṃ iti niggahitaṃ
)
saññā
anvattha
niggahita
is a technical term referring to a nasalised after sound (Sanskrit: anusvāra
) following a vowel. It is sometimes referred to as a vowel, but Kaccāyana classifies it as a consonant.The aṃ
letter is named niggahita
(nasal consonant).
Aṃ iti niggahitaṃ nāma hoti.
𑀅𑀁 𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀦𑀸𑀫 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अं इति निग्गहितं नाम होति।
Applicability
Refer to rule 30: Aṃ byañjane niggahitaṃ (“aṃ” in consonants: niggahita)9 [R11] Other grammatical terms used
𑀧𑀭𑀲𑀫𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸 𑀧𑀬𑁄𑀕𑁂 (parasamaññā payoge
)
paribhāsā
saññaṅga
ghosa
means “sound” and is used to refer to “sonants” (consonants voiced with “sonority”) whereas aghosa
is used to refer to “surds” (consonants pronounced with unintonated breath). Note that these are just two examples of Sanskrit technical terms that Kaccāyana says are applicable, others are used without definition, so Kaccāyana expects readers to be familiar with Sanskrit grammar.Terms such as ghosa
(voiced) and aghosa
(unvoiced) used in other texts (ie. Sanskrit grammar) are applicable here, keeping in mind when they are required to be used.
ghosā
letters:
ga gha ṅa,
ja jha ña,
ḍa ḍha ṇa,
da dha na,
ba bha ma,
ya ra la va ha ḷa.
aghosā
letters:
ka kha,
ca cha,
ṭa ṭha,
ta tha,
pa pha,
sa.
Yā ca pana paresu sakkataganthesu samaññā ghosāti vā aghosāti vā, tā payoge sati etthāpi yujjante.
Tattha ghosā nāma -
ga gha ṅa,
ja jha ña,
ḍa ḍha ṇa,
da dha na,
ba bha ma,
ya ra la va ha ḷa,
iti ghosā nāma.
Aghosā nāma -
ka kha,
ca cha,
ṭa ṭha,
ta tha,
pa pha,
sa,
iti aghosā nāma.
𑀬𑀸 𑀘 𑀧𑀦 𑀧𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀣𑁂𑀲𑀼 𑀲𑀫𑀜𑁆𑀜𑀸 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸 𑀅𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸, 𑀢𑀸 𑀧𑀬𑁄𑀕𑁂 𑀲𑀢𑀺 𑀏𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀸𑀧𑀺 𑀬𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂𑁇
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 -
𑀕 𑀖 𑀗,
𑀚 𑀛 𑀜,
𑀟 𑀠 𑀡,
𑀤 𑀥 𑀦,
𑀩 𑀪 𑀫,
𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀳 𑀍𑀅,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
𑀅𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫 -
𑀓 𑀔,
𑀘 𑀙,
𑀝 𑀞,
𑀢 𑀣,
𑀧 𑀨,
𑀲,
𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀅𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸 𑀦𑀸𑀫𑁇
या च पन परेसु सक्कतगन्थेसु समञ्ञा घोसाति वा अघोसाति वा, ता पयोगे सति एत्थापि युज्जन्ते।
तत्थ घोसा नाम -
ग घ ङ,
ज झ ञ,
ड ढ ण,
द ध न,
ब भ म,
य र ल व ह ऌअ,
इति घोसा नाम।
अघोसा नाम -
क ख,
च छ,
ट ठ,
त थ,
प फ,
स,
इति अघोसा नाम।
Applicability
Refer to rule 29: Vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā10 [R12] Detach vowel from preceeding/succeeding (phonemes, to create) vowelless (consonants)
𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀁 𑀅𑀥𑁄𑀞𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀺𑀬𑁄𑀚𑀬𑁂 (pubbaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ sarena viyojaye
)
paribhāsā
vidhyaṅga
In that regard, those wishing to make “sandhi” should detach the vowel(s) from the preceeding and succeeding consonants (end phoneme of preceeding word, and first phoneme of succeeding word).
Tattha sandhiṃ kattukāmo pubbabyañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ assaraṃ katvā sarañca upari katvā sarena viyojaye.
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀣 𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀺𑀁 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀼𑀓𑀸𑀫𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀁 𑀅𑀥𑁄𑀞𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀉𑀧𑀭𑀺 𑀓𑀢𑁆𑀯𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀺𑀬𑁄𑀚𑀬𑁂𑁇
तत्थ सन्धिं कत्तुकामो पुब्बब्यञ्जनं अधोठितं अस्सरं कत्वा सरञ्च उपरि कत्वा सरेन वियोजये।
tatrāyamādi
🔼(tatra) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(ādi)
in that place | this | starting with
tatra + ayaṃ + ādi
→ ta + (tr + a) + (a) + (ya + ṃ) + (ā) + di (rule 10)
→ ta + tr + (a + a) + ya + ṃ + ā + di (rule 12)
→ ta + tr + (a→ā) + ya + ṃ + ā + di (rule 15)
→ ta + tr + ā + ya + (ṃ→m + ā) + di (rule 34)
→ ta + (tr + ā) + ya + (m + ā) + di (rule 11)
→ tatrāyamādi
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀬𑀁 + 𑀆𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + (𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅 + 𑀅) + 𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀆 + 𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀬 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀆 + 𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀬 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀬 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀤𑀺
→ 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀬𑀫𑀸𑀤𑀺
तत्र + अयं + आदि
→ त + (त्र् + अ) + (अ) + (य + अं) + (आ) + दि
→ त + त्र् + (अ + अ) + य + अं + आ + दि
→ त + त्र् + (अ→आ) + य + अं + आ + दि
→ त + त्र् + आ + य + (अं→म् + आ) + दि
→ त + (त्र् + आ) + य + (म् + आ) + दि
→ तत्रायमादि
11 [R14] Connect next if applicable
𑀦𑀬𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑀁 𑀬𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (naye paraṃ yutte
)
paribhāsā
vidhyaṅga
The final vowelless consonant (in the preceeding word) must be connected to the next phoneme (first phoneme of the succeeding word).
Assaraṃ kho byañjanaṃ adhoṭhitaṃ1 parakkharaṃ naye yutte.
The CSCD edition misspells this as
adhoṭhataṃ
. ↩︎
𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀭𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀁 𑀅𑀥𑁄𑀞𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀧𑀭𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀁 𑀦𑀬𑁂 𑀬𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂𑁇
अस्सरं खो ब्यञ्जनं अधोठितं परक्खरं नये युत्ते।
tatrābhiratimiccheyya
🔼(tatra) 🚺②⨀(abhirati) ⏯🤟⨀(icchati)
in that place | pleasure in | will desire
tatra + abhiratiṃ + iccheyya
→ ta + (tr + a) + (a) + bhira + (ti + ṃ) + (i + c) + cheyya (rule 10)
→ tatr + (a + a) + bhira + ti + ṃ + i + ccheyya (rule 12)
→ tatr + (a→ā) + bhirati + ṃ + i + ccheyya (rule 15)
→ tatr + ā + bhirati + (ṃ→m + i) + ccheyya (rule 34)
→ ta + (tr + ā) + bhirati + (m + i) + ccheyya (rule 11)
→ ta + trā + bhirati + mi + ccheyya
→ tatrābhiratimiccheyya
𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 + 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀁 + 𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀅) + (𑀅) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭 + (𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁) + (𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆) + 𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅 + 𑀅) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭 + 𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + (𑀅→𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀅𑀁 + 𑀇 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀅𑀁→𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢 + (𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁆 + 𑀆) + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + (𑀫𑁆 + 𑀇) + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢 + 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸 + 𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺 + 𑀫𑀺 + 𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
→ 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀭𑀢𑀺𑀫𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑁂𑀬𑁆𑀬
तत्र + अभिरतिं + इच्छेय
→ त + (त्र् + अ) + (अ) + भिर + (ति + अं) + (इ + च्) + छेय्य
→ तत्र् + (अ + अ) + भिर + ति + अं + इ + च्छेय्य
→ तत्र् + (अ→आ) + भिरति + अं + इ + च्छेय्य
→ तत्र् + आ + भिरति + (अं→म् + इ) + च्छेय्य
→ त + (त्र् + आ) + भिरति + (म् + इ) + च्छेय्य
→ त + त्रा + भिरति + मि + च्छेय्य
→ तत्राभिरतिमिच्छेय्यय
Akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ, ajini maṃ ahāsi me
In the above text (from Dhp 3) the rule is not applicable, so there are no connections (between the preceeding vowels and the following consonants, or between the final niggahita
and the following vowel)
2.2 - 1.2 𑀤𑀼𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Dutiyakaṇḍa) - Vowel Sandhi
sarasandhi
(combination of vowels).12 [R13] Vowel, before vowel, is elided
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 (sarā sare lopaṃ
)1
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space sarā lopaṃ:2 space sare space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre space:2 After("~~sara~~") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel, before a vowel, experience elision.
(When there are two vowels, the first vowel is elided)
Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃ papponti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो सरे परे लोपं पप्पोन्ति।
yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
of whatever | faculties | calmed
yassa + indriyāni
→ yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
→ yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
→ yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
→ yassindriyāni
no hetaṃ bhante
🔼(no) 🔼(hetaṃ) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavant)
not | certainly | Bhantehi + etaṃ
hi + etaṃ
→ (h + i) + (e) + taṃ (rule 10)
→ h + (i + e) + taṃ (rule 12)
→ (h + e) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ hetaṃ
sametāyasmā saṅghena
🚹⓪⨀(sameta) 🚹⑤⨀(āya) 🚹③⨀(saṅgha)
attained | from power | by monastic community
sameta + āyasmā
→ same (t + a) + (ā) + yasmā (rule 10)
→ same t + (a + ā) + yasmā (rule 12)
→ same (t + ā) + yasmā (rule 11)
→ sametāyasmā
13 [R15] Optionally, next (vowel) not of the same type (following a vowel is elided)
𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀅𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 (vā paro asarūpā
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x["paro asarūpā"] space:2 space space vā space Previous["sara"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("~~sara~~") class After post0 Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end space Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, when a vowel not of the same type (of articulation) follows a vowel, the second vowel experience elision.
Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.
𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀅𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
सरम्हा असरूपा परो सरो लोपं पप्पोति वा।
cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings
cattāro + ime
→ cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me (rule 10)
→ cattā + r + (o + i) + me (rule 13)
→ cattā + (r + o) + me (rule 11)
→ cattārome
kinnumāva samaṇiyo
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu mā va) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
who | ? | do not | like | a monastic
kiṃ + nu + imā
→ kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā (rule 10)
→ kiṃ + n + (u + i) + mā (rule 13)
→ kiṃ + (n + u) + mā (rule 11)
→ kinnumā
pañcindriyāni
🚻①⨂(pañcindriya)
five faculties
pañca + indriyāni
→ pañ + (c + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
→ pañ + c + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
→ pañ + (c + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
→ pañcindriyāni
Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “a” and “i” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).
tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti
🚹①⨂(ti) ⏯🤟⨂(assa) 🚹①⨂(dhamma) 🚹①⨂(jahita) ▶️🤟⨂(bhavati)
three | will be | teachings | abandoned | is
tayo + assu
→ ta + (y + o) + (a + s) + su (rule 10)
→ ta + y + (o + a) + s + su (rule 12)
→ ta + (y + a + s) + su (rule 11)
→ tayassu
Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “o” and “a” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).
14 [R16] Occasionally, when (previous vowel) elided, following vowel becomes different
𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀸𑀲𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ lutte
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 lutte space space:2 x["asavaṇṇaṃ"] space kvaci space Previous["~~sara~~"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("asavaṇṇa") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes a different vowel.
Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci asavaṇṇaṃ pappoti.
𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀅𑀲𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरो खो परो पुब्बसरे लुत्ते क्वचि असवण्णं पप्पोति।
saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū
🚺②⨀(saṅkhyā) ▶️🤟⨀(nopeti) 🚹①⨀(vedagū)
categorisation | does not approach | one who has perfect knowledge
na + upeti
→ (n + a) + (u) + peti (rule 10)
→ n + (a + u) + peti (rule 12)
→ n + (u→o) + peti (rule 14)
→ (n + o) + peti (rule 11)
→ nopeti
bandhusseva samāgamo
🚹⑥⨀(bandhu) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(samāgama)
of relation | like | association of
bandhussa + iva
→ bandhus + (s + a) + (i) + va (rule 10)
→ bandhus + s + (a + i) + va (rule 12)
→ bandhus + s + (i→e) + va (rule 14)
→ bandhus + (s + e) + va (rule 11)
→ bandhusseva
yassindriyāni (samathaṅgatāni)
🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) (🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata))
of whatever | faculties | (calmed)
yassa + indriyāni
→ yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
→ yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
→ yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
→ yassindriyāni
tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi
🚻①⨀(tathūpama) 🚹②⨀(dhammavara) ⏮🤟⨀(adesayi)
similar to that | excellent teaching | taught
tathā + upama
→ ta + (th + ā) + (u) + pama (rule 10)
→ ta + th + (ā + u) + pama (rule 12)
→ ta + th + (u→ū) + pama (rule 15)
→ ta + (th + ū) + pama (rule 11)
→ tathūpama
15 [R17] (Occasionally, when previous vowel elided, following vowel becomes) long
𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 (dīghaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 x["dīghaṃ"] space space space Previous["~~sara~~"] class Previous context0 block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("dīghaṃ") class After post Before--"vikāra"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.
Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.
𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरो खो परो पुब्बसरे लुत्ते क्वचि दीघं पप्पोति।
saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
🔼(saddhīdha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
confidence here | wealth | of person | most important
saddhā + idha
→ sad + (dh + ā) + (i) + dha (rule 10)
→ sad + dh + (ā + i) + dha (rule 12)
→ sad + dh + (i→ī) + dha (rule 15)
→ sad + (dh + ī) + dha (rule 11)
→ saddhīdha
anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ
🚹③⨂(anāgāra) 🔼(cūbhayaṃ)
by homeless wanderer | as well as
ca + ubhayaṃ
→ (c +a) + (u) + bhayaṃ (rule 10)
→ c + (a + u) + bhayaṃ (rule 12)
→ c + (u→ū) + bhayaṃ (rule 15)
→ (c + ū) + bhayaṃ (rule 11)
→ cūbhayaṃ
pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚹⓪⨀(upāli) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with five | Upāli| | with limb | endowed with
pañcahi + upāli
→ pañca + (h + i) + (u) + pāli (rule 10)
→ pañca + h + (i + u) + pāli (rule 12)
→ pañca + (h + u) + pāli (rule 11)
→ pañcahupāli
natthaññaṃ kiñci
▶️🤟⨀(natthi) 🚻①⨀(añña) 🚻①⨀(kaci)
there is not | another | something
natthi + aññaṃ
→ nat + (th + i) + (a) + ññaṃ (rule 10)
→ nat + th + (i + a) + ññaṃ (rule 12)
→ nat + (th + a) + ññaṃ (rule 11)
→ natthaññaṃ
16 [R18] And (when following vowel elided), previous (vowel becomes long)
𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 (pubbo ca
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space pubbo space:2 space space ca space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("dīghaṃ") class After post0 Before--"vikāra"-->After end Next["~~sara~~"] class Next context Marker[/"ca"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
A vowel, when the following vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.
Pubbo ca saro parasaralope kate kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.
𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑀭𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁂 𑀓𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
पुब्बो च सरो परसरलोपे कते क्वचि दीघं पप्पोति।
kiṃ sūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(su idha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
what | ! | here | wealth | of person | most important
su + idha
→ (s + u) + (i) + dha (rule 10)
→ s + (u + i) + dha (rule 13)
→ s + (u→ū) + dha (rule 16)
→ (s + ū) + dha (rule 11)
→ sūdha
sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā
🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
auspicious | like this | having agreed
sādhu + iti
→ sā + (dh + u) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
→ sā + dh + (u + i) + ti (rule 13)
→ sā + dh + (u→ū) + ti (rule 16)
→ sā + (dh + ū) + ti (rule 11)
→ sādhūti
itissa muhuttampi
🔼(iti) ⏯🤟⨀(assa) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
like this | will be | moment | just
iti + assa
→ i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa (rule 10)
→ i + t + (i + a) + s + sa (rule 13)
→ i + (t + i + s) + sa (rule 11)
→ itissa
17 [R19] (Occasionally, previous syllable) ending with e, replace with “y”
𑀬𑀫𑁂𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 (yamedantassādeso
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space edantassa ādeso:2 yaṃ space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("e") class Before pre space:2 After("y") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
When (previous syllable) ends with “e”, followed by another vowel, the “e” is replaced with “y”.
Ekārassa antabhūtassa sare pare kvaci yakārādeso hoti.
𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
एकारस्स अन्तभूतस्स सरे परे क्वचि यकारादेसो होति।
adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo
🚹①⨀(adhigata) 🔼(kho) 👆③⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(dhamma)
achieved | indeed | by me | this | character
me + ayaṃ
→ (m + e) + (a) + yaṃ (rule 10)
→ m + (e→y + a) + yaṃ (rule 17)
→ m + (y + a→ā) + yaṃ (rule 15)
→ m + (y + ā) + yaṃ (rule 11)
→ myāyaṃ
tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ
🤘②⨀(tvaṃ) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🔼(evaṃ) 🔵⏯👆⨀(vadati)
you | I | thus | will speak
te + ahaṃ
→ (t + e) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
→ t + (e→y + a) + haṃ (rule 17)
→ t + (y + a→ā) + haṃ (rule 15)
→ t + (y + ā) + haṃ (rule 11)
→ tyāhaṃ
tyāssa pahīnā honti
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹①⨂(pahīna) ▶️🤟⨂(hoti)
they | of this | given up | are
te + assa
→ (t + e) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ t + (e→y + a) + ssa (rule 17)
→ t + (y + a→ā) + ssa (rule 15)
→ t + (y + ā) + ssa (rule 11)
→ tyāssa
ne’nāgatā, iti nettha
🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹①⨂(anāgata) 🔼(iti) 🔼(nettha)
those | not present | like this | not in this case
ne + anāgata
→ (n + e) + (a) + nāgata (rule 10)
→ n + (e + a) + nāgata (rule 13)
→ (n + e) + nāgata (rule 11)
→ nenāgata
18 [R20] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “o” or “u” ending, (replace with) “v”
𑀯𑀁 𑀑𑀤𑀼𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 (vaṃ odudantānaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space odudantānaṃ space:2 vaṃ space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("o,u") class Before pre space:2 After("v") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
When (previous syllable) ends with “o” or ”u”, followed by another vowel, the “o” or “u” is replaced with “v”.
Okārukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvaci vakārādeso hoti.
𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀼𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀯𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
ओकारुकारानं अन्तभूतानं सरे परे क्वचि वकारादेसो होति।
atha khvassa
🔼(atha kho) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
after that | of this
kho + assa
→ (kh + o) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ kh + (o→v + a) + ssa (rule 18)
→ kh + (v + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ khvassa
svassa hoti
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | of this | is
so + assa
→ (s + o) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ s + (o→v + a) + ssa (rule 18)
→ s + (v + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ svassa
bahvābādho
🚹①⨀(bahvābādha)
sickly
bahu + ābādho
→ ba + (h + u) + (ā) + bādho (rule 10)
→ ba + h + (u→v + ā) + bādho (rule 18)
→ ba + (h + v + ā) + bādho (rule 11)
→ bahvābādho
vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhāpāthamāgacchati
🚻①⨀(vatthu) 🔼(ettha) 🚻①⨀(vihita) 🚻①⨀(nicca) 🚻①⨀(cakkhu) 🚹②⨀(āpātha) ▶️🤟⨀(āgacchati)
base | here | arranged | continuous | eye | sense organ | come
vatthu + ettha
→ vat + (th + u) + (e + t) + tha (rule 10)
→ vat + th + (u→v + e) + t + tha (rule 18)
→ vat + (th + v + e + t) + tha (rule 11)
→ vatthvettha
cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā
🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
four | these | bhikkhave | teachings
cattāro + ime
→ cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me (rule 10)
→ cattā + r + (o + i) + me (rule 13)
→ cattā + (r + o) + me (rule 11)
→ cattārome
kinnumāva samaṇiyo
🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu mā va) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
who | ? | do not | like | a monastic
kiṃ + nu + imā
→ kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā (rule 10)
→ kiṃ + n + (u + i) + mā (rule 13)
→ kiṃ + (n + u) + mā (rule 11)
→ kinnumā
19 [R22] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “ti”, (replace with) “c”
𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 (sabbo canti
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["sabbo ti"] space:2 caṃ space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("ti") class Before pre space:2 After("c") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
The entire “ti” sound/consonant, when followed by another vowel, occasionally becomes “c”.
Sabbo (icceso) tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvaci cakāraṃ pappoti.
𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 (𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀲𑁄) 𑀢𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀘𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
सब्बो (इच्चेसो) तिसद्दो ब्यञ्जनो सरे परे क्वचि चकारं पप्पोति।
iccetaṃ kusalaṃ
🔼(iti etaṃ) 🚻①⨀(kusala)
like this | thus | wholesome
iti + etaṃ
→ i + (ti→c) + (e) + taṃ (rule 19)
→ i + (c→cc) + (e) + taṃ (rule 28)
→ i + (cc + e) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ iccetaṃ
iccassa vacanīyaṃ
🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
like this | of this | should be said
iti + assa
→ i + (ti→c) + (a) + ssa (rule 19)
→ i + (c→cc) + (a) + ssa (rule 28)
→ i + (cc + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ iccassa
(paccuttaritvā)
🔼(paccuttaritvā)
having come out
pati + uttaritvā
→ pa + (ti→c) + (u) + ttaritvā (rule 19)
→ pa + (c→cc) + u + ttaritvā (rule 28)
→ pa + (cc + u) + ttaritvā (rule 11)
→ paccuttaritvā
paccāharati
▶️🤟⨀(paccāharati)
brings back
pati + aharati
→ pa + (ti→c) + (a) + harati (rule 19)
→ pa + (c→cc) + a + harati (rule 28)
→ pa + cc + (a->ā) + harati (rule 15)
→ pa + (cc + ā) + harati (rule 11)
→ paccāharati
itissa muhuttampi
🔼(iti) ⏯🤟⨀(assa) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
like this | will be | moment | just
iti + assa
→ i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa (rule 10)
→ i + t + (i + a) + s + sa (rule 13)
→ i + (t + i + s) + sa (rule 11)
→ itissa
20 [R27] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “dha”, (replace with) “d”
𑀤𑁄 𑀥𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 (do dhassa ca
)2
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["dhassa ca"] space:2 do space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("dha") class Before pre space:2 After("d") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
“Dha”, followed by another vowel, occasionally is replaced with “d”.
Dhaiccetassa sare pare kvaci dakārādeso hoti.
𑀥𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
धैच्चेतस्स सरे परे क्वचि दकारादेसो होति।
ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ
🚻①⨀(eka) 🔼(idha) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹②⨀(samaya)
one | here | I | bhikkhave | occasion
idha + ahaṃ
→ i + (dha→d) + (a) + haṃ (rule 20)
→ i + d + (a→ā) + haṃ (rule 15)
→ i + (d + ā) + haṃ (rule 11)
→ idāhaṃ
idheva (me) maraṇaṃ bhavissati
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(maraṇa) ⏭🤟⨀(bhavati)
right here | death | will become
idha + eva
→ i + (dh + a) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ i + dh + (a + e) + va (rule 12)
→ i + (dh + e) + va (rule 11)
→ idheva
Additional
Instead of “v”, “dha” is occasionally replaced with “h”.block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("dha") class Before pre0 space:2 After("h") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
sāhu dassana mariyānaṃ
🔼(sāhu) 🚻①⨀(dassana) 🚹⑥⨂(ariya)
excellent | appearance of | Buddha
sādhu
→ sā + (dh→h) + u (rule 20)
→ sā + (h + u) (rule 11)
→ sāhu
Additional
Additional substitutions:
d
→t
t
→ṭ
t
→dh
tt
→tr
g
→t
r
→l
y
→j
v
→bb
y
→k
j
→y
t
→k
tt
→cc
p
→ph
k
→kh
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation1:4 columns 4 Before1["d"] class Before1 pre space:2 After1["t"] class After1 post Before1--"ādesa"-->After1 end Next1["sara"] class Next1 context space space space block:operation2:4 columns 4 Before2["t"] class Before2 pre space:2 After2["ṭ"] class After2 post Before2--"ādesa"-->After2 end Next2["sara"] class Next2 context space space space block:operation3:4 columns 4 Before3["t"] class Before3 pre space:2 After3["dh"] class After3 post Before3--"ādesa"-->After3 end Next3["sara"] class Next3 context space space space block:operation4:4 columns 4 Before4["tt"] class Before4 pre space:2 After4["tr"] class After4 post Before4--"ādesa"-->After4 end Next4["sara"] class Next4 context space space space block:operation5:4 columns 4 Before5["g"] class Before5 pre space:2 After5["t"] class After5 post Before5--"ādesa"-->After5 end Next5["sara"] class Next5 context space space space block:operation6:4 columns 4 Before6["r"] class Before6 pre space:2 After6["l"] class After6 post Before6--"ādesa"-->After6 end Next6["sara"] class Next6 context space space space block:operation7:4 columns 4 Before7["y"] class Before7 pre space:2 After7["j"] class After7 post Before7--"ādesa"-->After7 end Next7["sara"] class Next7 context space space space block:operation8:4 columns 4 Before8["v"] class Before8 pre space:2 After8["bb"] class After8 post Before8--"ādesa"-->After8 end Next8["sara"] class Next8 context space space space block:operation9:4 columns 4 Before9["y"] class Before9 pre space:2 After9["k"] class After9 post Before9--"ādesa"-->After9 end Next9["sara"] class Next9 context space space space block:operation10:4 columns 4 Before10["j"] class Before10 pre space:2 After10["y"] class After10 post Before10--"ādesa"-->After10 end Next10["sara"] class Next10 context space space space block:operation11:4 columns 4 Before11["t"] class Before11 pre space:2 After11["k"] class After11 post Before11--"ādesa"-->After11 end Next11["sara"] class Next11 context space space space block:operation12:4 columns 4 Before12["tt"] class Before12 pre space:2 After12["cc"] class After12 post Before12--"ādesa"-->After12 end Next12["sara"] class Next12 context space space space block:operation13:4 columns 4 Before13["p"] class Before13 pre space:2 After13["ph"] class After13 post Before13--"ādesa"-->After13 end Next13["sara"] class Next13 context space space space block:operation14:4 columns 4 Before14["k"] class Before14 pre space:2 After14["kh"] class After14 post Before14--"ādesa"-->After14 end Next14["sara"] class Next14 context space space classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
d → t: sugato
🔼(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(da) 🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(sugata)
“ta” | of “d” | for example | fortunate one
su + gado
→ su + ga + (d→t + o) (rule 20)
→ sugato
t → ṭ: dukkaṭaṃ
🚻①⨀(dukkaṭa)
wrong action
dukkataṃ
→ dukka + (t→ṭ + a + ṃ) (rule 20)
→ dukkaṭaṃ
t → dh: gandhabbo
🚹①⨀(gandhabba)
demigod
gantabbo
→ gan + (t→dh + a) + bbo (rule 20)
→ gandhabbo
tt → tr: atrajo
🚹①⨀(atraja)
born from oneself
attajo
→ at + (tt→tr + a) + jo (rule 20)
→ atrajo
g → t: kulūpako
🚹①⨀(kulūpaka)
one who approaches families
kulūpago
→ kulūpa + (g→k + o) (rule 20)
→ kulūpako
r → l: mahāsālo
🚹①⨀(mahāsāla)
having immense wealth
mahāsāro
→ mahāsā (r→l + o) (rule 20)
→ mahāsālo
y → j: gavajo
🚹①⨀(gavaja)
species of ox
gavayo
→ gava + (y→j + o) (rule 20)
→ gavajo
v → bb: kubbato
🚹④⨀(kubbanta)
for one doing
kuvato
→ ku + (v→bb + a) + to (rule 20)
→ kubbato
y → k: sake
🚹②⨂(saka)
one’s own
saye
→ sa + (y→k +e) (rule 20)
→ sake
j → y: niyaṃputtaṃ
🚻①⨀(niya) 🚻①⨀(putta)
one’s own | child
nijaṃputtaṃ
→ ni + (j→y + a) + ṃputtaṃ (rule 20)
→ niyaṃputtaṃ
t → k: niyako
🚹①⨀(niyaka)
one’s own
niyato
→ niya + (t→k + o) (rule 20)
→ niyako
tt → cc: bhacco
🚹①⨀(bhacca)
dependant
bhatto
→ bha ++ (tt→cc + o) (rule 20)
→ bhacco
p → ph: nipphatti
🚺①⨀(nipphatti)
success
nippatti
→ nip + (p→ph + a) + tti (rule 20)
→ nipphatti
k → kh: nikkhamati
▶️🤟⨀(nikkhamati)
leaves
nikkamati
→ nik + (k→kh + a) + mati (rule 20)
→ nikkhamati
21 [R21] Rarely, (previous) phoneme with “i” becomes “y”
𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁄 𑀬𑀁 𑀦𑀯𑀸 (ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā
)3
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space ivaṇṇo space:2 yaṃ space navā space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("i") class Before pre space:2 After("y") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"navā"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Rarely, the “i” phoneme, followed by another vowel, is replaced with “y”.
Pubbo ivaṇṇo sare pare yakāraṃ pappoti navā.
𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀯𑀸𑁇
पुब्बो इवण्णो सरे परे यकारं पप्पोति नवा।
paṭisanthāravutyassa
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should have a friendly disposition
vutti + assa
→ vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa (rule 21)
→ vut + (t + y + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ vutyassa
sabbā vityānubhūyate
🚺①⨀(sabba) 🚺①⨀(vitti) 🔼(anu) | 🔵▶️🤟⨀(bhūyati)
all | joy | following | is becoming
vitti + anu
→ vit + (t + i) + (a) + nu (rule 10)
→ vit + t + (i→y) + a + nu (rule 21)
→ vit + t + y + (a→ā) + nu (rule 15)
→ vit + (t + y + ā) + nu (rule 11)
→ vityānu
pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato
⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
with 5 | with limbs | endowed with
pañcahi + aṅgehi
→ pañca + (h + i) + (a + ṅ) + gehi (rule 10)
→ pañca + h + (i + a) + ṅ + gehi (rule 12)
→ pañca + (h + a + ṅ) + gehi (rule 11)
→ pañcahaṅgehi
muttacāgī anuddhato
🚺①⨀(mutti) 🚺①⨀(cāgī) 🚹①⨀(anuddhata)
freely | donates | not arrogant
mutti + cāgī
→ mut + (t + i) + (c + ā) + gī (rule 10)
→ mut + t + (i→a + c) + ā + gī (rule 27)
→ mut + (t + a) + (c + ā) + gī (rule 11)
→ muttacāgī
22 [R28] (Rarely,) previous (long vowel followed by) “eva” becomes “riva”, and previous (vowel) becomes short
𑀏𑀯𑀸𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 (evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso
)4
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["pubbo evādissa"] space:2 x2["ri ca rasso"] space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara,eva") class Before pre space:2 After("rassa,riva") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end space Marker[/"navā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Rarely, after another (long) vowel followed by “eva”, “e” becomes “ri”, and previous vowel becomes short.
Saramhā parassa evassa ekārassa ādissa rikāro hoti, pubbo ca saro rasso hoti navā.
𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀏𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀆𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀯𑀸𑁇
सरम्हा परस्स एवस्स एकारस्स आदिस्स रिकारो होति, पुब्बो च सरो रस्सो होति नवा।
yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ
🔼(yathariva) 🚺①⨀(vasudhā) 🚻①⨀(tala) 🔼(ca) 🚻①⨀(sabba)
just as | earth level | and | entire
yathā + eva
→ yath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va (rule 22)
→ ya + (th + a) + ri + va (rule 11)
→ yathariva
tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo
🔼(tathariva) 🚹①⨀(guṇavant) 🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(pūjaniya)
like this | one who is virtuous | well | worthy of veneration
tathā + eva
→ tath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va (rule 22)
→ ta + (th + a) + ri + va (rule 11)
→ tathariva
yathā eva
🔼(yathā) 🔼(eva)
like | only
No sandhi.
tathā eva
🚹①⨂(tatha) 🔼(eva)
true | only
No sandhi.
Most translations interpret
sarā
as plural in case ① but I have chosen to interpret this as singular in case ⑤. ↩︎The
ca
is not intended to be an option marker, but is probably intended as a continuation or extension of the previous rule. In any case, the commentary indicates the relevant option marker iskvaci
. ↩︎navā
is generally interpreted by most translations (and also other grammatical books) to be an alternative tokvaci
, to cancel outkvaci
in the preceeding rule, however, I have decided to interpret it as a more restrictive form of optionality, hence have translated it as “rarely”. In any case, the vutti for rule 22 continues the use ofnavā
as the applicable option marker, hence I believe it has a different meaning thankvaci
. ↩︎I have interpreted
ca
not as an option marker but an intention to signify two operations are included in this rule: a transformation ofeva
intoriva
as well as a shortening of the preceeding long vowel. The relevant option marker isnavā
inherited from the previous rule, which is made clear in the vutti. ↩︎
2.3 - 1.3 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Tatiyakaṇḍa) - Consonant Sandhi
byañjanasandhi
(when a word ending with a vowel is joined to a word ending with a consonant).23 [R26] vowel + consonant: original form
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (sarā pakati byañjane
)
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space sarā pakati:2 space byañjane space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre space:2 After("(sara)") class After post Before--"pakati"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel, followed by another consonant, retains original form.
Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे पकतिरूपानि होन्ति।
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā
🚹①⨂(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
led by mind | nature
mano + pubbaṅgamā
→ manopubbaṅgamā
(no sandhi)
pamādo maccuno padaṃ
🚹①⨀(pamāda) 🚹⑥⨀(maccu) 🚻①⨀(pada)
carelessness | of death | way
(no sandhi)
tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu
🚹①⨀(tiṇṇa) 🚹①⨀(pāraṅgata) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
crossed over | reached the other shore | became
(no sandhi)
24 [R35] (vowel +) vowel, occasionally (: original form)
𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 (sare kvaci
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 space sare kvaci space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("(sara)") class After post0 Before--"pakati"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel followed by another vowel occasionally retains original form.
Sarā kho sare pare kvaci pakatirūpāni honti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो सरे परे क्वचि पकतिरूपानि होन्ति।
ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati
🚹①⨀(ka) 🚺②⨀(ima) 🚺②⨀(pathavī) ⏭🤟⨀(vicessati)
who | this | earth | understand
(no sandhi)
appassutāyaṃ puriso
🚹①⨀(appassuta) 🚹①⨀(purisa)
ignorant | person
appassuto + ayaṃ
→ appassu + (t + o) + (a) + yaṃ (rule 10)
→ appassu + t + (~~o + a) + yaṃ (rule 12)
→ appassu + t + (a→ā) + yaṃ (rule 15)
→ appassu + (t + ā) + yaṃ (rule 11)
→ appassutāyaṃ
25 [R37] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) long (occasionally)
𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 (dīghaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space dīghaṃ:2 space space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("sara (dīghaṃ)") class After post Before--"dīghaṃ"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes long.
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci dīghaṃ papponti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि दीघं पप्पोन्ति।
sammā dhammaṃ vipassato
🔼(samma) 🚹②⨀(dhamma) 🚹⑥⨀(vipassanta)
friend | nature | seeing deeply into
samma + dhammaṃ
→ samm + (a→ā) + dhammaṃ (rule 25)
→ sammādhammaṃ
evaṃ gāme munī care
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹②⨂(gāma) 🚹①⨂(muni) 🚹②⨂(cara)
thus | village | sage | wandering
muni + care
→ mun + (i→ī) + care (rule 25)
→ munīcare
khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā
🚺①⨀(khanti) 🚻①⨀(parama) 🚹①⨀(tapa) 🚹①⨂(titikkha)
patience | highest | religious practice | enduring
khanti + paramaṃ
→ khant (i→ī) + paramaṃ (rule 25)
khantīparamaṃ
idha modati pecca modati
🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad
(no sandhi)
patilīyati
▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from
pati + līyati
(no sandhi)
paṭihaññati
▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck
paṭi + haññati (no sandhi)
26 [R38] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) short (occasionally)
𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀁 (rassaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space rassaṃ:2 space space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("sara (rassaṃ)") class After post Before--"rassaṃ"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes short.
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci rassaṃ papponti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि रस्सं पप्पोन्ति।
bhovādināma so hoti
🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is
bhovādī + nāma
→ bhovād + (ī→i) + nāma (rule 26)
→ bhovādināma
bhovādināma so hoti
🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is
bhovādī + nāma
→ bhovād + (ī→i) + nāma (rule 26)
→ bhovādināma
yathābhāvi guṇena so
🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(bhāvī) 🚹③⨀(guṇa) 🚹①⨀(ta)
like | predestined | by virtue | that
yathā + bhāvi
→ yath (ā→a) + bhāvi (rule 26)
→ yathabhāvi
sammāsamādhi
🚹①⨀(sammāsamādhi)
right mental composure
sammā + samādhi
(no sandhi)
sammāsamādhi
🚹①⨀(sammāsamādhi)
right mental composure
sammā + samādhi
(no sandhi)
sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ
🚺①⨂(sāvitti) 🚹⑥⨀(chandas) 🚻①⨀(mukha)
Sāvittī (sun god) | of metre | opening
sāvittī + chandaso
(no sandhi)
upanīyati jīvitamappamāyu
▶️🤟⨀(upanīyati) 🚻⓪⨀(jīvita) 🚹①⨀(appamāyu)
is lead to the end | existence | short-lived
jīvita + appamāyu
→ jīvita + (m)+ appamāyu (rule 35)
→ jīvitamappamāyu
27 [R39] (vowel + consonant, vowel is) elided, replaced by “a” (occasionally)
𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 (lopañca tatrākāro
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space lopañca:2 tatrākāro space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre0 space:2 After("a") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes elided. In the place of the completed elision, the letter “a” is inserted.
Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ papponti. Tatra ca lope kate akārāgamo hoti.
𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 𑀘 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁂 𑀓𑀢𑁂 𑀅𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोन्ति। तत्र च लोपे कते अकारागमो होति।
sa sīlavā
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(sīlava)
that | Sīlava
so + sīlavā
→ (s + o) + (s + ī) + lavā (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + s) + ī + lavā (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (s + ī) + lavā (rule 11)
→ sasīlavā
sa paññavā
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(paññava)
he | intelligent
so + paññavā
→ (s + o) + (p + a) + ññavā (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + p) + a + ññavā (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (p + a) + ññavā (rule 11)
→ sapaññavā
esa dhammo sanantano
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) 🚹①⨀(sanantana)
this | doctrine | everlasting
eso + dhammo
→ e + (s + o) + (dh + a) + mmo (rule 10)
→ e + s + (oa + dh) + a + mmo (rule 27)
→ e + (s + a) + (dh + a) + mmo (rule 11)
→ sasīlavā
sa ve kasāvamarahati
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚻①⨀(kasāva) ▶️🤟⨀(arahati)
that | truly | brown | is suitable
so + ve
→ (s + o) + (v + e) (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + v) + e (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (v + e) (rule 11)
→ save
sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(mānakāmopi) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
he | who is proud | will be
so + mānakāmopi
→ (s + o) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + m) + ā + nakāmopi (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi (rule 11)
→ samānakāmopi
sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi
🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚹①⨀(muni) 🚻①⨀(jātibhaya) ⏮🤟⨀(adassi)
that | truly | sage | danger of rebirth | has seen
so + ve
→ (s + o) + (v + e) (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + v) + e (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (v + e) (rule 11)
→ save
so muni
🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(muni)
that | sage
so + muni
(no sandhi)
eso dhammo padissati
🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) ▶️🤟⨀(padissati)
this doctrine | is seen
eso + dhammo
(no sandhi)
na so kāsāvamarahati
🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(kāsāvamarahati)
no | he | is worthy of the monk’s robe
so + kāsāvamarahati
(no sandhi)
28 [R40] (vowel + consonant), next (consonant) doubled appropriately
𑀧𑀭 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑁄 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂 (para dvebhāvo ṭhāne
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space para dvebhāvo:2 space space ṭhāne space Previous["sara"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("byañjana") class Before pre space:2 After("byañjana x 2") class After post Before--"dvebhāvo"-->After end space Marker[/"ṭhāne"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
From vowel, next consonant is doubled appropriately.
Saramhā parassa byañjanassa dvebhāvo hoti ṭhāne.
𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂𑁇
सरम्हा परस्स ब्यञ्जनस्स द्वेभावो होति ठाने।
idhappamādo
🔼(idha) 🚹①⨀(pamāda)
here | negligence
idha + pamādo
→ i + (dh + a) + (p + a) + mādo (rule 10)
→ i + dh + (a + p→pp) + a + mādo (rule 28)
→ i + (dh + a) + (pp + a) + mādo (rule 11)
→ idhappamādo
purisassa jantuno
🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚹⑥⨀(jantu)
of person | of being
purisa + sa
→ puri + (s + a) + (s + a) (rule 10)
→ puri + s + (a + s→ss) + a (rule 28)
→ puri + (s + a) + (ss + a) (rule 11)
→ purisassa
pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi
🚺②⨀(pabbajjā) ⏭👆⨀(kittayati)
renunciation | I declare
pa + bajjaṃ
→ (p + a) + (b + a) + jjaṃ (rule 10)
→ p + (a + b→bb) + a + jjaṃ (rule 28)
→ (p + a) + (bb + a) + jjaṃ (rule 11)
→ pabbajjaṃ
cātuddasi
🚺⓪⨀(cātuddasī)
fourteenth day of lunar fortnight
cātu + dasi
→ cā + (t + u) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ cā + t + (u + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ cā + (t + u) + (dd + a) + si (rule 11)
→ cātuddasi
pañcaddasi
🚺⓪⨀(pañcaddasī)
fifteenth day of lunar fortnight
pañca + dasi
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 11)
→ pañcaddasi
pañcaddasi
🚺⓪⨀(pañcaddasī)
fifteenth
pañca + dasi
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 11)
→ pañcaddasi
abhikkantataro cando
🚹①⨀(abhikkantatara) 🚹①⨀(canda)
more brilliant than | moon
abhi + kantataro
→ abhi + kantataro
→ abh + (i) + (k + a +n) + tataro (rule 10)
→ abh + (i + k→kk) + a +n + tataro (rule 28)
→ abh + (i) + (kk + a +n) + tataro (rule 11)
→ abhikkantataro
idha modati pecca modati
🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad
(no sandhi)
29 [R42] (vowel + ) voiced or unvoiced group (consonant), first and third letters (doubled appropriately)
𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀧𑀞𑀫𑀸 (vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["vagge ghosāghosānaṃ"] space:2 tatiyapaṭhamā space space space Previous["sara"] class Previous context0 block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("vagge ghosāghosānaṃ") class Before pre space:2 After("tatiyapaṭhamā") class After post Before--"dvebhāvo"-->After end space Marker[/"ṭhāne"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
In a consonant following a vowel, the consonant prior in sequence within the group (voiced or unvoiced) corresponding to the third and first letters in that group, are doubled appropriately.
Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhāne.
𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁂𑀲𑀁 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀬𑀣𑀸𑀲𑀗𑁆𑀔𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀧𑀞𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑀁 𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂𑁇
वग्गे खो पुब्बेसं ब्यञ्जनानं घोसाघोसभूतानं सरम्हा यथासङ्ख्यं ततियपठमक्खरा द्वेभावं गच्छन्ति ठाने।
eseva cajjhānapphalo
🔼(eseva ca) 🚻⓪⨀(jhāna) ⏮🤘⨀(phali)
just this | jhāna | bore fruit
ca + jhāna + phalo
→ (c + a) + (jh + ā) + (n + a) + (ph + a) + lo (rule 10)
→ c + (a + jh→jjh) + ā + n + (a + ph→pph) + a + lo (rule 29)
→ (c + a) + (jjh + ā) + (n + a) + (pph + a) + lo (rule 11)
→ cajjhānapphalo
Note: the consonant “jh” is the fourth (voiced) consonant in the “c” group of letters (ca cha ja jha ña), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “j” consonant (third consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “jh” creating a doubling of “j”: “jj”. Similarly, the “ph” consonant is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “p” group of letters (pa pha ba bha ma), which results in a doubling of “p” (the first consonant in the group).
yatraṭṭhitaṃ nappasaheyya maccu
🚻①⨀(yatraṭṭhita) ⏯🤟⨀(nappasahati) 🚹①⨀(maccu)
where remaining | does not overpower | death
yatra + ṭhita
→ ya + (tr + a) + (ṭh + i) + taṃ (rule 10)
→ ya + tr + (a + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + taṃ (rule 29)
→ ya + (tr + a) + (ṭṭh + i) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ yatraṭṭhitaṃ
Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.
sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito
🚹②⨂(sela) 🔼(yathā) 🚹⑦⨀(pabbatamuddha) 🚹①⨀(ṭhita)
rock | as per | on top of mountain | standing
pabbatamuddhani + ṭhito
→ pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭh + i) + to (rule 10)
→ pabbatamuddha + n + (i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + to (rule 29)
→ pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭṭh + i) + to (rule 11)
→ pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito
Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.
cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto
🚻①⨂(catu) 🚻①⨂(ṭhāna) 🚹①⨀(nara) 🚹①⨀(pamatta)
four | grounds | man | careless
cattāri + ṭhānāni
→ cattā (r +i) + (ṭh + ā) + nāni (rule 10)
→ cattā r +(i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + ā + nāni (rule 29)
→ cattā (r +i) + (ṭṭh + ā) + nāni (rule 11)
→ cattāriṭṭhānāni
Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.
idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā
🔼(idha) 🚹⑥⨀(cetas) 🚹②⨀(daḷha) ▶️🤟⨀(gaṇhāti) 🚹③⨀(thāmas)
here | of intention | steady | seizes | with strength
idha + cetaso + daḷhaṃ
(no sandhi)
2.4 - 1.4 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Catutthakaṇḍa) - Niggahita Sandhi
niggahitasandhi
(when a niggahita is joined to another letter).30 [R58] “aṃ” before consonant (remains) niggahita
𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 (aṃbyañjane niggahitaṃ
)
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space aṃ space:2 niggahitaṃ byañjane space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre space:2 After("(niggahita)") class After post Before--"pakati"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Niggahita before other consonant remains as “aṃ”.
Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare aṃ iti hoti.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀁 𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
निग्गहितं खो ब्यञ्जने परे अं इति होति।
evaṃ vutte
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(vutta)
thus | said
evaṃ + vutte
(no sandhi)
taṃ sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā
🚻①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
that | auspicious | like this | having agreed
taṃ + sādhūti
(no sandhi)
31 [R49] Optionally, (niggahita changes to) end consonant in group, before (consonant in that) group
𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀯𑀸 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 (vaggantaṃ vā vagge
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 vaggantaṃ vagge vā space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre0 space:2 After("vaggantaṃ") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["vagga"] class Next context Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Following a consonant existing in a group, the niggahita becomes the end consonant in that group.
Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃ kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.
𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀪𑀽𑀢𑁂 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
वग्गभूते ब्यञ्जने परे निग्गहितं खो वग्गन्तं वा पप्पोति।
tanniccutaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(ni) 🚻①⨀(cuta)
that | out | died
taṃ + ni + cutaṃ
→ (ta + ṃ) + (n + i) + (c + u) + taṃ (rule 10)
→ ta + (ṃ→n + n) + i + c + u + taṃ (rule 31)
→ ta + n + n + i + (c→cc + u) + taṃ (rule 28)
→ (ta + n) + (n + i) + (cc + u) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ tanniccutaṃ
n is the last consonant in the group starting with “t” (ta tha da dha na)
dhammañcare sucaritaṃ
🚻①⨀(dhamma) 🔵▶️👆⨀(carati) 🚻①⨀(sucarita)
dhamma | I practice | moral
dhammaṃ + care
→ dham + (ma + ṃ) + (c + a) + re (rule 10)
→ dham + ma + (ṃ→ñ + c) + a + re (rule 31)
→ dham + (ma + ñ) + (c + a) + re (rule 11)
→ dhammañcare
ñ is the last consonant in the group starting with “c” (ca cha ja jha ña)
cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person
ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ
→ ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 10)
→ ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 31)
→ ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 35)
→ ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 11)
→ cirappavāsiṃ
m is the last consonant in the group starting with “p” (pa pha ba bha ma)
santantassa manaṃ hoti
🚻①⨀(santa) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(mana) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
of that calm | having such a mind | is
santaṃ + tassa
→ san + (t + a + ṃ) + (t + a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ san + t + a + (ṃ→n + t) + a + ssa (rule 31)
→ san + (t + a + n) + (t + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ santantassa
n is the last consonant in the group starting with “t” (ta tha da dha na)
taṅkāruṇikaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kāruṇika)
that | compassionate
taṃ + kāruṇikaṃ
→ (ta + ṃ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ (rule 10)
→ (ta + (ṃ→ṅ + k) + ā + ruṇikaṃ (rule 31)
→ (ta + ṅ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ (rule 11)
→ taṅkāruṇikaṃ
ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with “k” (ka kha ga gha ṅa)
evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
🔼(evaṃ kho) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | indeed | bhikkhave | should be learned
evaṃ + kho
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (kh + o) (rule 10)
→ e + v + a + (ṃ→ṅ + kh) + o (rule 31)
→ e + (v + a + ṅ) + (kh + o) (rule 11)
→ evaṅkho
ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with “k” (ka kha ga gha ṅa)
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre0 space:2 After("l") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["vagga"] class Next context0 Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
By not taking this optional rule, the niggahita is replaced with the letter “l”.
Vāggahaṇenaniggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti.
𑀯𑀸𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀮𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
वाग्गहणेननिग्गहितं खो लकारादेसो होति।
pulliṅgaṃ
🚹②⨀(pulliṅga)
masculine gender
puṃ + liṅgaṃ
→ (p +u +ṃ) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ (rule 10)
→ p +u +(ṃ→l + l) + i + ṅgaṃ (rule 31)
→ (p +u +l) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ (rule 11)
→ pulliṅgaṃ
na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu
🔼(na) 🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kamma) 🚻①⨀(kata) 🚹①⨀(sādhu)
no | that | karma | completed | excellent
(no sandhi)
32 [R50] (Optionally, niggahita followed by) “e” or “h” (becomes) “ñ”
𑀏𑀳𑁂 𑀜𑀁 (ehe ñaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 ñaṃ ehe space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre0 space:2 After("ñ") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["e, h"] class Next context Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, the niggahita, followed by “e” or “h”, becomes “ñ”.
Ekārahakāre pare niggahitaṃ kho ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.
𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀳𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀜𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
एकारहकारे परे निग्गहितं खो ञकारं पप्पोति वा।
paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi
🚻①⨀(paccatta) 🔼(eva) ⏭👆⨀(parinibbāyati)
individual | just | completely quenched
paccattaṃ + eva
→ paccat + (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ paccat + t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + va (rule 32)
→ paccat + t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + va (rule 28)
→ paccat + (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + va (rule 11)
→ paccattaññeva
taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(eva) 🔼(ettha) ⏭👆⨀(paṭipucchati)
that just | here | asks about
taṃ + eva + ettha
→ (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + (v + a) + (e) + ttha (rule 10)
→ t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + v + a + e + ttha (rule 32)
→ t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + v + a + e + ttha (rule 28)
→ t + a + ñ + ñ + e + v + (a + e) + ttha (rule 12)
→ (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + (v + e) + ttha (rule 11)
→ taññevettha
evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ
🔼(evaṃ hi vo) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
thus | certainly | surely | bhikkhave | should be practised
evaṃ + hi
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
→ e + v + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i (rule 32)
→ e + (v + a + ñ) + (h + i) (rule 11)
→ evañhi
tañhi tassa musā hoti
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(hi) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🔼(musā) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
that | surely | of that | lie | is
taṃ + hi
→ (t + a + ṃ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
→ t + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i (rule 32)
→ (t + a + ñ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
→ tañhi
evametaṃ abhiññāya
🔼(evaṃ) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
thus | this | with direct knowledge
evaṃ + etaṃ
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (e) + taṃ (rule 10)
→ e + v + a + (ṃ→m + e) + taṃ (rule 34)
→ e + (v + a + m) + (e) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ evametaṃ
evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ
🔼(evaṃ) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚻①⨀(subhāsita)
thus | is | well spoken
(no sandhi)
33 [R50] (Optionally, niggahita) and “y” (becomes “ñ”)
𑀲𑀬𑁂 𑀘 (saye ca
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space sayeca space:2 space space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita & y") class Before pre space:2 After("ñ") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end space Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, the niggahita, followed by “y”, together with “y” becomes “ñ”.
Niggahitaṃ kho yakāre pare saha yakārena ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀲𑀳 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀦 𑀜𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
निग्गहितं खो यकारे परे सह यकारेन ञकारं पप्पोति वा।
saññogo
🚹①⨀(saññoga)
attachment
saṃ + yogo
→ (s + a + ṃ) + (y + o) + go (rule 10)
→ s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + o + go (rule 33)
→ s + (a + ñ→ññ) + o + go (rule 28)
→ (s + a + ñ) + (ñ + o) + go (rule 11)
→ saññogo
saññuttaṃ
🚻①⨀(saññutta)
tied
saṃ + yuttaṃ
→ (s + a +ṃ) + (y + u) + ttaṃ (rule 10)
→ s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + u + ttaṃ (rule 33)
→ s + (a + ñ→ññ) + u + ttaṃ (rule 28)
→ (s + a +ñ) + (ñ + u) + ttaṃ (rule 11)
→ saññuttaṃ
saṃyogo
🚹①⨀(saṃyoga)
attachment
(no sandhi)
saṃyuttaṃ
🚻①⨀(saṃyutta)
tied
(no sandhi)
34 [R52] (Optionally, niggahita) before vowel (becomes) “m” or “d”
𑀫𑀤𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑁂 (madā sare
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 madā sare space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre space:2 After("m,d") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, the niggahita before a vowel is replaed with “m” or “d”.
Niggahitassa kho sare pare makāradakārādesā honti vā.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
निग्गहितस्स खो सरे परे मकारदकारादेसा होन्ति वा।
tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ
🚻①⨀(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) ▶️👆⨀(brūti) 🚹②⨀(brāhmaṇa)
that | I | call | brahman
taṃ + ahaṃ
→ (t + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
→ t + a + (ṃ→m + a) + haṃ (rule 34)
→ (t + a + m) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
→ tamahaṃ
etadavoca satthā
🔼(etaṃ) 🔵⏮🤟⨀(avoca) 🚹①⨂(sattha)
thus | said | master
etaṃ + avoca
→ e + (t + a +ṃ) + (a) + voca (rule 10)
→ e + t + a + (ṃ→d + a) + voca (rule 34)
→ e + (t + a +d) + (a) + voca (rule 11)
→ etadavoca
akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ
⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
verbally abused | me | beat | me
(no sandhi)
ajini maṃ ahāsi me
⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
robbed | me | stole | me
(no sandhi)
35 [R34] (Optionally) “y”, “v”, “m”, “d”, “n”, “t”, “r” or “l” inserted (before vowel)
𑀬 𑀯 𑀫 𑀤 𑀦 𑀢 𑀭 𑀮𑀸 𑀘𑀸𑀕𑀫𑀸 (ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space cāgamā:2 x1["ya va ma da na ta ra lā"] space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre0 space:2 After("y, v, m, d, n, t, r, l") class After post Before--"āgamā"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, “y”, “v”, “m”, “d”, “n”, “t”, “r”, “ḷ” are inserted before a vowel.
Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamā honti vā.
𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀯𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀦𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀇𑀫𑁂 𑀆𑀕𑀫𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
सरे परे यकारो वकारो मकारो दकारो नकारो तकारो रकारो लकारो इमे आगमा होन्ति वा।
nayimassa vijjā
🔼(na) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚺①⨀(vijjā)
no | of this | knowledge
na + imassa
→ na + (y) + imassa (rule 35)
→ nayimassa
yathayidaṃ cittaṃ
⏹🤘⨂(yāti) 🔼(idaṃ) 🚻①⨀(citta)
travel | this | mind | mind
yatha + idaṃ
→ yatha + (y) + idaṃ (rule 35)
→ yathayidaṃ
migī bhantā vudikkhati
🚺①⨀(migī) 🚺①⨀(bhanta) ▶️🤟⨀(udikkhati)
doe | swerving | perceive
bhantā + udikkhati
→ bhantā + (v) + udikkhati (rule 35)
→ bhantāvudikkhati
sittā te lahu messati
🚺①⨀(sitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(lahu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
emptied | by you | fast | becomes
lahu + essati
→ lahu + (m) + essati (rule 35)
→ lahumessati
asittā te garu messati
🚺①⨀(asitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(garu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
nonemptied | by you | heavy | becomes
garu + essati
→ garu + (m) + essati (rule 35)
→ garumessati
asso bhadro kasāmiva
🚹①⨀(assa) 🚹①⨀(bhadra) 🚹⓪⨀(kasanta) 🔼(iva)
horse | fortunate | ploughing | like
kasā + iva
→ kasā + (m) + iva (rule 35)
→ kasāmiva
sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ
🚺①⨀(sammadaññā) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
complete understanding | of liberation
sammā + aññā
→ sammā + (d) + aññā (rule 35)
→ sammadaññā
manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ
🚹③⨀(manas) 🚹③⨀(añña) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
with mind | awakening | of liberation
manasā + aññā
→ manasā + (d) + aññā (rule 35)
→ manasādaññā
attadatthamabhiññāya
🚹⓪⨀(attadattha) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
one own’s benefit | with direct knowledge
attadattha + abhiññāya
→ attadattha + (m) + abhiññāya (rule 35)
→ attadatthamabhiññāya
ciraṃnāyati
🚻①⨀(cira) 🚻①⨀(āyati)
long time | future
ciraṃ + āyati
→ ciraṃ + (n) + āyati (rule 35)
→ ciraṃnāyati
ito nāyati
🚹①⨀(ita) 🚺①⨀(āyati)
from now | future
ito + āyati
→ ito + (n) + āyati (rule 35)
→ itonāyati
yasmātiha bhikkhave
🚹⑤⨀(ya) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
from what | here | bhikkhave
yasmā + iha
→ yasmā + (t) + iha (rule 35)
→ yasmātiha
tasmātiha bhikkhave
🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
from that | here | bhikkhave
tasmā + iha
→ tasmā + (t) + iha (rule 35)
→ tasmātiha
ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ
🔼(ajjatagge) 🚹②⨀(pāṇupeta)
from today onwards | until death
ajja + agga + e
→ ajja + (t) + agga + e (rule 35)
→ ajjatagge
āraggeriva sāsapo
🚻⑦⨀(āragga) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(sāsapa)
in pin point | like | mustard seed
āragge + iva
→ āragge + (r) + iva (rule 35)
→ āraggeriva
sāsaporiva āraggā
🚹①⨀(sāsapa) 🔼(iva) 🚻③⨀(āragga)
mustard seed | like | with pin-point
sāsapo + iva
→ sāsapo + (r) + iva (rule 35)
→ sāsaporiva
chaḷabhiññā
🚹①⨂(chaḷabhiñña)
having six higher knowledges
cha + abhiññā
→ cha + (ḷ) + abhiññā (rule 35)
→ chaḷabhiññā
saḷāyatanaṃ
🚻①⨀(saḷāyatana)
six sense fields
sa + āyatana
→ sa + (ḷ) + āyatana (rule 35)
→ saḷāyatanaṃ
evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā
🔼(evaṃ) 🚺①⨀(maha) 🚺③⨀(iddhi) 🚺①⨀(eta)
thus | great | with psychic power | this
mahā + iddhiyā
→ ma + (h + ā) + (i) + ddhiyā (rule 10)
→ ma + h + (ā + i) + ddhiyā (rule 12)
→ ma + (h + i) + ddhiyā (rule 11)
→ mahiddhiyā
akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ
⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
verbally abused | me | beat | me
(no sandhi)
ajini maṃ ahāsi me
⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
robbed | me | stole | me
(no sandhi)
ajeyyo anugāmiko
🚹①⨀(ajeyya) 🚹①⨀(anugāmika)
invincible | follower
(no sandhi)
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("m") class Before pre space:2 After("p") class After post Before--"ādeso"-->After end space Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
By using the word “ca” in this rule, “m” becomes “p”.
Caggahaṇena idheva makārassa pakāro hoti.
𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀇𑀥𑁂𑀯 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
चग्गहणेन इधेव मकारस्स पकारो होति।
cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ
🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
who is long absent from home | person
ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ
→ ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 10)
→ ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 31)
→ ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 35)
→ ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 11)
→ cirappavāsiṃ
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("k") class Before pre space:2 After("d") class After post Before--"ādeso"-->After end space Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
(Similarly,) “k” becomes “d”.
Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti.
𑀓𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
ककारस्स च दकारो होति।
sadatthapasuto siyā
🚹①⨀(sadatthapasuta) ⏯🤟⨀(siyā)
intent on one’s own benefit | will be
sa + kattha + pasuto
→ sa + (k→d) attha + pasuto (rule 35)
→ sadatthapasuto
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("d") class Before pre space:2 After("t") class After post Before--"ādeso"-->After end space Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
(Similarly,) “d” becomes “t”.
Dakārassa ca takāro hoti.
𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
दकारस्स च तकारो होति।
sugato
🚹①⨀(sugata)
well gone
sugado
→ suga + (d + o) (rule 35)
→ sugato
36 [R47] Occasionally, (insertion of) “o” before consonant
𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (kvaci o byañjane
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 o byañjane kvaci space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("d") class Before pre0 space:2 After("o") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, there is insertion of “o” before consonant.
Byañjane pare kvaci okārāgamo hoti.
𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि ओकारागमो होति।
atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ
🔼(atippago kho) 🔼(tāva) 🚺⑦⨀(sāvatthī) 🚹④⨀(piṇḍa) 🔼(carituṃ)
too early to | indeed | as far as | at Sāvatthī | for alms | walk
atippago + kho???
Note: this appears to be an invalid example as it is assuming the joining of atippag(a) + kho, using application on this rule and rule 12, however atippaga is not found in the dictionary but atippago is found in the Tipiṭaka.
parosahassaṃ
🚻①⨀(parosahassa)
more than 1000
para + sahassaṃ
→ pa + (r + a) + (s + a) + hassaṃ (rule 10)
→ pa + r + a + (o) + s + a + hassaṃ (rule 36)
→ pa + r + (a + o) + s + a + hassaṃ (rule 12)
→ pa + (r + o) + (s + a) + hassaṃ (rule 11)
→ parosahassaṃ
etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ
▶️🤘⨂(eti) ⏹🤘⨂(passati) 🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(loka)
come you all | must lok | this | world
passatha + imaṃ
→ passa + (th + a) + (i) + maṃ (rule 10)
→ passa + th + (a + i) + maṃ (rule 12)
→ passa + (th + i) + maṃ (rule 11)
→ passathimaṃ
andhabhūto ayaṃ loko
🚹①⨀(andhabhūta) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(loka)
blind | this | world
andha + bhūto
(no sandhi)
37 [R57] And niggahita (is occasionally inserted before consonant)
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀜𑁆𑀘 (niggahitañca
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 niggahitañca space vā space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before(" ") class Before pre space:2 After("niggahitaṃ") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, a niggahita is inserted before a vowel or consonant.
Niggahitañcāgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺𑁇
निग्गहितञ्चागमो होति सरे वा ब्यञ्जने वा परे क्वचि।
cakkhuṃudapādi
🚻①⨀(cakkhu) ⏮🤟⨀(udapādi)
eye | arose
cakkhu + udapādi
→ cakkhu + (ṃ) + udapādi (rule 37)
→ cakkhuṃudapādi
avaṃsiro
🚹①⨀(avaṃsira)
head down
ava + siro
→ ava + (ṃ) + siro (rule 37)
→ avaṃsiro
yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi
🚻①⨀(yāvant) 🔼(ca idha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(purima) 🚺①⨀(jāti) ▶️👆⨀(sarati)
as many as | and | here | bhikkhave | past | life | recollect
jāti + sarāmi
→ jāti + (ṃ) + sarāmi (rule 37)
→ jātiṃsarāmi
aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso
🔼(anu) 🚻①⨂(thūla) 🔼(sabbaso)
after | massive | altogether
aṇu + thūlāni
→ aṇu + (ṃ) + thūlāni (rule 37)
→ aṇuṃthūlāni
manopubbaṅgamā dhammā
🚹③⨀(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹③⨀(dhamma)
led by mind | by nature
mano + pubba + gama
→ mano + pubba + (ṃ) + gama (rule 37)
→ mano + pubba + (ṃ→ṅ + g) + ama (rule 31)
→ mano + pub + (b + a + ṅ) + (g + a) + ma (rule 11)
→ manopubbaṅgamā
idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti
🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨂(pasaṃsati)
right here | that | praise
idha + eva
→ i + (dh + a) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ i + dh + (a + e) + va (rule 12)
→ i + (dh + e) + va (rule 11)
→ idheva
pecca sagge pamodati
🔼(pecca) 🚹⑦⨀(sagga) ▶️🤟⨀(pamodati)
after death | in heaven | is happy with
(no sandhi)
na hi etehi yānehi
🔼(nahi) 🚹③⨂(eta) 🚻③⨂(yāna)
certainly not | by this | by carriage
(no sandhi)
gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ
⏯🤟⨀(gacchati) 🚹②⨀(agata) 🚹②⨀(disa)
will go | not gone | enemy
(no sandhi)
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("vi") class Before pre space:2 After("pa") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context0 Marker[/"ca"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
By using the word “ca” in this rule, “vi” becomes “pa”.
Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti.
𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
चग्गहणेन विसद्दस्स च पकारो होति।
pacessati / vicessati
⏭🤟⨀(pacessati)
will understand
vicessati vā.
⏭🤟⨀(vicessati)
will understand
38 [R53] Occasionally, elision (of niggahita) before vowel
𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 (kvaci lopaṃ
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space lopaṃ:2 space space kvaci space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre space:2 After("~~niggahita~~") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, the niggahita before a vowel is elided.
Niggahitaṃ kho sare pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
निग्गहितं खो सरे परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोति।
tāsāhaṃ santike
🚻⑥⨂(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(santika)
of that | I | near
tāsaṃ + ahaṃ
→ tāsa (ṃ) + ahaṃ (rule 38)
→ tā + (s + a) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
→ tā + s + (a + a) + haṃ (rule 12)
→ tā + (s + a) + haṃ (rule 11)
→ tāsāhaṃ
vidūnaggamiti
🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
of wise men | foremost | and so
vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ + iti
→ vidūna + (ṃ) + aggaṃ + iti (rule 38)
→ vidū + (n + a) + (a) + g + (g + a + ṃ) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
→ vidū + n + (a + a) + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti (rule 12)
→ vidū + n + a + g + g + a + (ṃ→m + i) + ti (rule 34)
→ vidū + (n + a) + g + (g + a) + (m + i) + ti (rule 11)
→ vidūnaggamiti
ahameva nūna bālo etamatthaṃ viditvāna
🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla) 🔼(etamatthaṃ) 🔼(viditvāna)
I am just | could it be | foolish | this meaning | having known
ahaṃ + eva
→ a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va (rule 34)
→ a + h + a + (m + e) + va (rule 11)
→ ahameva
39 [R54] And (occasionally, elision of niggahita) before consonant
𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂𑀘 (byañjaneca
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space space space:2 space byañjaneca space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("niggahita") class Before pre0 space:2 After("~~niggahita~~") class After post0 Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, the niggahita before a consonant is elided.
Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
निग्गहितं खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोति।
ariyasaccānadassanaṃ
🚻①⨀(ariyasaccānadassana)
understanding the noble truths
ariyasaccānaṃ + dassana
→ ariyasaccāna + (ṃ) + dassana (rule 39)
→ ariyasaccānadassanaṃ
etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(buddhānasāsana)
this | Buddhas’ teaching
buddhānaṃ + sāsana
→ buddhāna + (ṃ) + sāsana (rule 39)
→ buddhānasāsanaṃ
etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ
🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(maṅgala) 🚻①⨀(uttama)
this | blessing | best
maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ
→ maṅga + (l + a + ṃ) + (u) + ttamaṃ (rule 10)
→ maṅga + l + a + (ṃ→ m + u) + ttamaṃ (rule 34)
→ maṅga + l + a + (m + u) + ttamaṃ (rule 11)
→ maṅgalamuttamaṃ
taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante
🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(vo) ▶️👆⨀(vadati) 🚹②⨂(bhaddanta)
that | truly | I say | to venerable
(no sandhi)
40 [R55] Optionally, next vowel (after niggahita is elided)
𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀭𑁄 (paro vāsaro
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["paro vāsaro"] space:2 space space space space Previous["niggahita"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("sara") class Before pre space:2 After("~~sara~~") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, phoneme following niggahita is elided.
Niggahitamhā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
निग्गहितम्हा परो सरो लोपं पप्पोति वा।
bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti
🚻①⨀(bhāsita) ⏮🤟⨂(abhinandi) 🔼(iti)
speech | they were pleased with | like this
abhinanduṃ + iti
→ abhinan + (d + u + ṃ) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
→ abhinan + d + u + (ṃ + i) + ti (rule 40)
→ abhinan + d + u + (ṃ→n + i) + ti (rule 34)
→ abhinan + (d + u + n) + ti (rule 11)
→ abhinandunti
uttattaṃva
🚻①⨀(uttatta) 🔼(iva)
shining | like
uttattaṃ + iva
→ uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
→ uttat + t + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
→ uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
→ uttattaṃva
yathābījaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(bīja) 🔼(iva)
as per | seed | like this
yathā + bījaṃ + iva
→ yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
→ yathā + bī + j + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
→ yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
→ yathābījaṃva
yathābījaṃva
🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(dhañña) 🔼(iva)
as per | crop | like this
yathā + dhaññaṃ + iva
→ yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
→ yathā + dhañ + ñ + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
→ yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
→ yathādhaññaṃva
ahameva nūna bālo
🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla)
I am just | could it be | foolish
ahaṃ + eva
→ a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va (rule 34)
→ a + h + a + (m + e) + va (rule 11)
→ ahameva
tadahosi
🚻①⨀(ta) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
that | was
(no sandhi)
41 [R55] And (after vowel is elided following niggahita) consonant is detached
𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀘 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 (byañjano ca visaññogo
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space byañjano visaññogo:2 space space ca space Previous["niggahita~~sara~~"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("byañjanax2") class Before pre space:2 After("byañjana") class After post Before--"visaññogo"-->After end space Marker[/"ca"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Byañjano
is not a valid vibhatti ending for byañjana
, in here I am interpreting it as byañjane
(⑦) followed by application of rule 36 followed by rule 12).When vowel following niggahita is elided, if (next) consonant is a double consonant, it becomes single consonant.
Niggahitamhā parasmiṃ sare lutte yadi byañjano sasaññogo visaññogo hoti.
𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀫𑀺𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀬𑀤𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
निग्गहितम्हा परस्मिं सरे लुत्ते यदि ब्यञ्जनो ससञ्ञोगो विसञ्ञोगो होति।
evaṃsa te āsavo
🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🤘⑥⨀(tvaṃ) 🚹①⨀(āsava)
thus | of this | of you | discharge
evaṃ + assa
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ e + v + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa (rule 40)
→ e + v + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a (rule 41)
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (s + a) (rule 11)
→ evaṃsa
pupphaṃsā uppajji
🚺①⨀(pupphaṃsā) ⏮🤟⨀(uppajji)
fertile period | arose
pupphaṃ + assā
→ pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ pup + ph + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa (rule 40)
→ pup + ph + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a (rule 41)
→ pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (s + a) (rule 11)
→ pupphaṃsā
evamassa vidūnaggamiti
🔼(evamassa) 🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
thus to him | of wise men | highest | like this
evaṃ + assa
→ e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ e + v + a + (ṃ→m + a) + ssa (rule 34)
→ e + v + a + (m + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ evamassa
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("byañjanax2") class Before pre space:2 After("byañjana") class After post Before--"lopaṃ"-->After end Next["y"] class Next context Marker[/"ca"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
By employing the word “ca”, when there are three consonants, double consonants together with “y”, there is elision (of double consonant into single consonant).
Caggahaṇena tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā, tesampi lopo hoti.
𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀢𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸, 𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
चग्गहणेन तिण्णं ब्यञ्जनानमन्तरे ये सरूपा, तेसम्पि लोपो होति।
agyāgāraṃ
🚻①⨀(agyāgāra)
room for keeping the sacred fire
aggi + agāraṃ
→ ag + (g + i) + (a) + gāraṃ (rule 10)
→ ag + g + (i→y) + a + gāraṃ (rule 21)
→ a + (gg→g) + y + a + gāraṃ (rule 41)
→ a + (g + y + a) + gāraṃ (rule 11)
→ agyāgāraṃ
paṭisanthāravutyassa
🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
one should be cordial by nature
paṭisanthāra + vutti + assa
→ paṭisanthāra + vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
→ paṭisanthāra + vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa (rule 21)
→ paṭisanthāra + vu + (tt→t + y) + a + ssa (rule 41)
→ paṭisanthāra + vu + (t + y + a) + ssa (rule 11)
→ paṭisanthāravutyassa
2.5 - 1.5 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀫𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Pañcamakaṇḍa) - VuttaSandhi
vuttasandhi
(when letters are elided or augmented to obey metrical rules or where there are multiple operations).42 [R32] Occasionally, there is insertion of “g” after “putha” before vowel
𑀕𑁄𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 (gosare puthassāgamo kvaci
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 puthassa space āgamo:2 go sare kvaci space Previous["putha"] class Previous context block:operation:4 columns 4 Before(" ") class Before pre space:2 After("g") class After post Before--"āgama"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, in a word ending with “putha” followed by a vowel, “g” is inserted (in between).
Puthaiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti.
𑀧𑀼𑀣𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀕𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
पुथैच्चेतस्स अन्ते सरे परे क्वचि गकारागमो होति।
puthage va
🚹①⨀(puthu) 🔼(eva)
broad | even
puthu + eva
→ pu + (th + u) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ pu + (th + (u + e) + va (rule 12)
→ pu + th + a + (g) + e + va (rule 42)
→ pu + (th + a) + (g + e) + va (rule 11)
→ puthageva
(invalid example?)
43 [R33] (Occasionally, the) ending of “pā” is shortened (together with insertion of “g”)
𑀧𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 (pāssa canto rasso
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space x1["pāssa canto"] rasso:2 space space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("pā") class Before pre space:2 After("pag") class After post Before--"āgama"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, in a word ending with “pā” followed by a vowel, “g” is inserted (in between), and the end vowel is shortened.
Pāiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti, anto ca saro rasso hoti.
𑀧𑀸𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀕𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
पाइच्चेतस्स अन्ते सरे परे क्वचि गकारागमो होति, अन्तो च सरो रस्सो होति।
pageva vutyassa
🔼(pageva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life
pā + eva
→ (p +ā) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ p +(ā→ag + e) + va (rule 43)
→ (p +a) + (g + e) + va (rule 11)
→ pageva
pā eva vutyassa
🔼(pā eva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life
(no sandhi)
44 [R24] “abbh” (from) “abhi”
𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁄 𑀅𑀪𑀺 (abbho abhi
)
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space abhi space:2 abbho space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("abhi") class Before pre space:2 After("abbh") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
“abhi” followed by vowel is replaced by “abbh”.
Abhiiccetassa sare pare abbhādeso hoti.
𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अभिइच्चेतस्स सरे परे अब्भादेसो होति।
abbhudīritaṃ
🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(udīrita)
highly | mentioned
abhi + udīritaṃ
→ (abhi→abbh) + udīritaṃ (rule 44)
→ abbhudīritaṃ
abbhuggacchati
🔼(abhi) ▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati)
highly | rises
abhi + uggacchati
→ (abhi→abbh) + uggacchati (rule 44)
→ abbhuggacchati
45 [R25] “ajjh” (from) “adhi”
𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑁄𑀅𑀥𑀺 (ajjhoadhi
)
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space adhi space:2 ajjho space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("adhi") class Before pre space:2 After("ajjh") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end Next["sara"] class Next context0 space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
“adhi” followed by vowel is replaced by “ajjh”.
Adhiiccetassa sare pare ajjhādeso hoti.
𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अधिइच्चेतस्स सरे परे अज्झादेसो होति।
ajjhokāse
🚹⑦⨀(ajjhokāsa)
in open air
adhi + okāse
→ (adhi→ajjh) + okāse (rule 45)
→ ajjhokāse
ajjhāgamā
🔵⏮🤟⨀(ajjhāgami)
found
adhi + āgamā
→ (adhi→ajjh) + āgamā (rule 45)
→ ajjhāgamā
Note: CSCD misspells this example.
46 [R26] Optionally, the (above two rules) do not apply before “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”)
𑀢𑁂 𑀦 𑀯𑀸 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (te na vā ivaṇṇe
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space te na:2 space ivaṇṇe vā space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("abhi,adhi") class Before pre space:2 After("(abhi,adhi)") class After post Before--"pakati"-->After end Next["i,ī"] class Next context Marker[/"vā"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Optionally, “abhi” and “adhi” before the “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”) do not become “abbh” and “ajjh”.
Te ca kho abhiadhiiccete ivaṇṇe pare abbho ajjhoitivuttarūpā na honti vā.
Note: CSCD misspells “na” as “naṃ”.
𑀢𑁂 𑀘 𑀔𑁄 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑁂 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁄 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑁄𑀇𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 𑀦 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇
ते च खो अभिअधिइच्चेते इवण्णे परे अब्भो अज्झोइतिवुत्तरूपा न होन्ति वा।
abhicchitaṃ
🔼(abhi) + 🚻①⨀(icchita)
desired
(no sandhi)
adhīritaṃ
🔼(adhi) + 🚻①⨀(īrita)
uttered
(no sandhi)
abbhīritaṃ
🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(īrita)
highly | moved
abhi + īritaṃ
→ (abhi→abbh) + īritaṃ (rule 44)
→ abbhīritaṃ
ajjhiṇamutto
🔼(adhi) 🚻①⨀(iṇamutta)
towards | free from debt
adhi + iṇamutto
→ (adhi→ajjh) + iṇamutto (rule 45)
→ ajjhiṇamutto
47 [R23] “ati” not (replaced with) “c” (before “i” phoneme)
𑀅𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘𑀦𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (atissa canatassa
)1
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space atissa space:2 cantassa space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("ati") class Before pre space:2 After("(ati)") class After post Before--"pakati"-->After end Next["i,ī"] class Next context0 space space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
The “ti” of word “ati” is not replaced with “c” (rule 19) when followed by “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”).
Atiiccetassa antabhūtassa tisaddassa ivaṇṇe pare “sabbo cantī"ti vuttarūpaṃ na hoti.
Note: CSCD incorrectly spells rule 19
𑀅𑀢𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀢𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 “𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀻"𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀁 𑀦 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अतिइच्चेतस्स अन्तभूतस्स तिसद्दस्स इवण्णे परे “सब्बो चन्ती"ति वुत्तरूपं न होति।
atīsigaṇo
🔼(ati) 🚹①⨀(isi) 🚹①⨀(gaṇa)
too | sage | with group
ati + isi + gaṇo
→ a + (t + i) + (i) + si + gaṇo (rule 10)
→ a + t + (i + i) + si + gaṇo (rule 12)
→ a + t + (i→ī) + si + gaṇo (rule 15)
→ a + (t + ī) + si + gaṇo (rule 11)
→ atīsigaṇo
atīritaṃ
🚻①⨀(atīrita)
not tested
ati + īritaṃ
→ a + (t + i) + (ī) + ritaṃ (rule 10)
→ a + t + (i + ī) + ritaṃ (rule 12)
→ a + (t + ī) + ritaṃ (rule 11)
→ atīritaṃ
accantaṃ
🚻①⨀(accanta)
final
ati + antaṃ
→ a + (ti→c) + (a) + ntaṃ (rule 19)
→ a + (c→cc) + (a) + ntaṃ (rule 28)
→ a + (cc + a) + ntaṃ (rule 11)
→ accantaṃ
48 [R43] Occasionally, “pati” becomes “paṭi”
𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀝𑀺 𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kvaci paṭi patissa
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space patissa space:2 paṭi space kvaci space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("pati") class Before pre space:2 After("paṭi") class After post Before--"ādesa"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod1 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, “pati” followed by vowel or consonant is replaced by “paṭi”.
Patiiccetassa sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci paṭiādeso hoti.
𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀝𑀺𑀆𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
पतिइच्चेतस्स सरे वा ब्यञ्जने वा परे क्वचि पटिआदेसो होति।
paṭaggi dātabbo
🚹①⨀(paṭaggi) 🚹①⨀(dātabba)
counter fire | should be given
pati + aggi
→ (pati→paṭi) + (a) + ggi (rule 48)
→ paṭaggi
paṭihaññati
▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck
pati + haññati
→ (pati→paṭi) + (h) + aññati (rule 48)
→ paṭihaññati
paccantimesu janapadesu
🚹⑦⨂(paccantima) 🚹⑦⨂(janapada)
in outlying | in countries
pati + antimesu
→ pa + (ti→c) + (a) + ntimesu (rule 19)
→ pa + (c→cc) + (a) + ntimesu (rule 28)
→ pa + (cc + a) + ntimesu (rule 11)
→ paccantimesu
patilīyati
▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from
pati + līyati
(no sandhi)
patirūpadesavāso ca
🚹①⨀(patirūpadesavāsa) 🔼(ca)
living in a suitable place | and
pati + rūpadesavāso
(no sandhi)
49 [R44] (Occasionally, the end of) “putha” becomes “u” before consonant
𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀼 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (puthassu byañjane
)
vidhi
utsarga
block-beta columns 8 space puthassa space:2 u byañjane space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("putha") class Before pre space:2 After("puthu") class After post Before--"vikāra"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
The end vowel of “putha” followed by consonant becomes “u”.
Puthaiccetassa anto saro byañjane pare ukāro hoti.
𑀧𑀼𑀣𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀉𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
पुथैच्चेतस्स अन्तो सरो ब्यञ्जने परे उकारो होति।
puthujjano
🚹①⨀(puthujjana)
common man
putha + jano
→ puth + (a→u) + jano (rule 49)
→ puthujjano
puthubhūtaṃ
🚻①⨀(puthubhūta)
widely spread
putha + bhūtaṃ
→ puth + (a→u) + bhūtaṃ (rule 49)
→ puthubhūtaṃ
block-beta columns 8 space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("aputha") class Before pre space:2 After("u") class After post Before--"vikāra"-->After end Next["byañjana"] class Next context0 Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
By exception the end vowel of a word, even when not “putha”, becomes “u”.
Antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa ukāro hoti.
𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀅𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀧𑀺 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀉𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अन्तग्गहणेन अपुथस्सापि सरे परे अन्तस्स उकारो होति।
manuññaṃ
🚻①⨀(manuñña)
beautiful
mano + ñaṃ
→ ma + (n + o) + (ñ + a + ṃ) (rule 10)
→ ma + n + (o→u) + ñ + a + ṃ (rule 49)
→ ma + n + u + (ñ→ññ) + a + ṃ (rule 28)
→ ma + (n + u) + (ññ + a + ṃ) (rule 11)
→ manuññaṃ
50 [R45] (Occasionally, the end vowel of) “ava” (becomes) “o” (before consonant)
𑀑 𑀅𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 (o avassa
)
vidhi
apavāda
block-beta columns 8 space avassa space:2 o space space space space block:operation:4 columns 4 Before("ava") class Before pre space:2 After("avo") class After post Before--"vikāra"-->After end space Marker[/"kvaci"\] class Marker mod10 space class arrow operation classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3 classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
Occasionally, the end vowel of “ava” followed by consonant becomes “o”.
Avaiccetassa byañjane pare kvaci okāro hoti.
𑀅𑀯𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇
अवैच्चेतस्स ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि ओकारो होति।
andhakārena onaddhā
🚹③⨀(andhakāra) 🚹⑤⨀(onaddha)
with darkness | enveloped with
ava + naddhā
→ (ava→o) + naddhā (rule 50)
→ onaddhā
avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ
⏹🤟⨀(avasussati) 👆④⨀(ahaṃ)🚻⑦⨀(sarīra) 🚻①⨀(maṃsalohita)
dries up | for me | in body | flesh and blood
(no sandhi)
51 [R32] Further application of previous euphonic grammatical rules
𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀧𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀬𑁄𑀕𑀢𑁄 (anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato
)
paribhāsā
vidhyaṅga
The previous rules of vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi and miscellaneous sandhi should also be applied to upasagga (prefixes) and nipāta (particles) following the stated order.
Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ upasagganipātānaṃ sarasandhīhi byañjanasandhīhi vuttasandhīhi ca yathāyogaṃ yojetabbaṃ.
𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀧𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀉𑀧𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑀺𑀧𑀸𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀘 𑀬𑀣𑀸𑀬𑁄𑀕𑀁 𑀬𑁄𑀚𑁂𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀁𑁇
अनुपदिट्ठानं उपसग्गनिपातानं सरसन्धीहि ब्यञ्जनसन्धीहि वुत्तसन्धीहि च यथायोगं योजेतब्बं।
pāpanaṃ
🚻①⨀(pāpana)
attaining
pa + √ap + *e + ana
parāyaṇaṃ
🚻①⨀(parāyaṇa)
destined
parā + √i + *aṇa
upāyanaṃ
🚻①⨀(upāyana)
tribute
upa + ā + √i
upāhanaṃ
🚹②⨀(upāhana)
sandals
upa + ā + √nah + a
nyāyogo
🔼(ni) 🚹①⨀(āyoga)
without devotion
ni + ā + √yuj + *e + a
nigupadhi
🔼(ni) 🚹①⨀(upadhi)
without attachment
ni + upa + √dhā
anubodho
🚹①⨀(anubodha)
knowledge
anu + √budh + *a
duvūpasantaṃ
🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(upasanta)
difficulty calming
du + upa + √sam + ta
suvūpasantaṃ
🔼(su) 🚻①⨀(upasanta)
easy calming
su + upa + √sam + ta
dvālayo
🔼(du) 🚹①⨀(ālaya)
bad attachment
du + ā + √lī + *a
svālayo
🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(ālaya)
good attachment
su + ā + √lī + *a
durākhyātaṃ
🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(ākhyāta)
wrongly proclaimed
du + ā + √khyā + ta
svākhyāto
🚹①⨀(svākhyāta)
well proclaimed
su + ā + √khyā + ā
udīritaṃ
🚻①⨀(udīrita)
uttered
ud + √īr + ita
samuddiṭṭhaṃ
🚻①⨀(samuddiṭṭha)
explained
saṃ + ud + √dis + ta
viyaggaṃ
🔼(vi) 🚻①⨀(agga)
very highest
vi + aggaṃ
vijjhaggaṃ
🔼(vi adhi) 🚻①⨀(agga)
very highest
vi + adhi + aggaṃ
byaggaṃ
↩️👆⨀(byaggā)
departed
vi + a + √gam + ā
avayāgamanaṃ
🔼(ava) 🚻①⨀(āgamana)
lower arrival
ava + ā + √gam + ana
anveti
▶️🤟⨀(anveti)
follows
anu + √i + a + ti
anupaghāto
🚹①⨀(anupaghāta)
not hurtful
na + upa + √ghaṭ + *a
anacchariyaṃ
🚻①⨀(anacchariya)
natural
na + acchara + iya
pariyesanā
🚺①⨀(pariyesanā)
searching
pari + √es + anā
parāmāso
🚺①⨀(pariyesanā)
searching
pari + √es + anā
pariggaho
🚹①⨀(pariggaha) surrounding pari + √gah + a
paggaho
🚹①⨀(paggaha)
effort
pa + √gah + a
pakkamo
🚹①⨀(pakkama)
initial effort
pa + √kam + a
pakkamo
🚹①⨀(parakkama)
continued effort
parā + √kam + a
nikkamo
🚹①⨀(nikkama)
endurance
nī + √kam + a
nikkasāvo
🚹①⨀(nikkama)
endurance
nī + √kam + a
nillayanaṃ
🔼(ni) 🚹⑥⨀(laya)
without clinging
ni + √lī + *a
dullayanaṃ
🔼(du) 🚹⑥⨀(laya)
bad clinging
du + √lī + *a
dumbhikkhaṃ
🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(bhikkha)
wrong begging
du + √bhikkh + a
dubbuttaṃ
🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(bhikkha)
wrong begging
du + √bhikkh + a
sandiṭṭhaṃ
🚻①⨀(sandiṭṭha)
well-pronounced
saṃ + √dis + ta
duggaho
🚹①⨀(duggaha)
taking hold of wrongly
du+√gah + a
viggaho
🚹①⨀(viggaha)
quarrel
vi + √gah + a
niggato
🚹①⨀(niggata)
gone out
nī + √gam + ta
abhikkamo
🚹①⨀(niggata)
gone out
nī + √gam + ta
paṭikkamo
🚹①⨀(paṭikkama)
recession
pati + √kam + a + a
All remaining (rules) should be applied.
Sesā sabbe yojetabbā.
𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁂 𑀬𑁄𑀚𑁂𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀸𑁇
सेसा सब्बे योजेतब्बा।
CSCD incorrectly spells “canatassa” as “cantassa” ↩︎