1.5 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀫𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Pañcamakaṇḍa) - VuttaSandhi

This section describes vuttasandhi (when letters are elided or augmented to obey metrical rules or where there are multiple operations).

42 [R32] Occasionally, there is insertion of “g” after “putha” before vowel

𑀕𑁄𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 (gosare puthassāgamo kvaci) vidhi apavāda

block-beta
  columns 8
  
puthassa space āgamo:2 go sare kvaci space

  
    Previous["putha"]
    class Previous context
    
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before(" ")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("g")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"āgama"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context
    
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

Occasionally, in a word ending with “putha” followed by a vowel, “g” is inserted (in between).

Puthaiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti.

𑀧𑀼𑀣𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀕𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

पुथैच्चेतस्स अन्ते सरे परे क्वचि गकारागमो होति।

Example

✅

puthage va

🚹①⨀(puthu) 🔼(eva)
broad | even

puthu + eva
→ pu + (th + u) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ pu + (th + (u + e) + va (rule 12)
→ pu + th + a + (g) + e + va (rule 42)
→ pu + (th + a) + (g + e) + va (rule 11)
→ puthageva

(invalid example?)

43 [R33] (Occasionally, the) ending of “pā” is shortened (together with insertion of “g”)

𑀧𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 (pāssa canto rasso) vidhi apavāda

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space x1["pāssa canto"] rasso:2 space space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("pā")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("pag")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"āgama"-->After
  end
  
    space
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod10
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

Occasionally, in a word ending with “pā” followed by a vowel, “g” is inserted (in between), and the end vowel is shortened.

Pāiccetassa ante sare pare kvaci gakārāgamo hoti, anto ca saro rasso hoti.

𑀧𑀸𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀕𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

पाइच्चेतस्स अन्ते सरे परे क्वचि गकारागमो होति, अन्तो च सरो रस्सो होति।

Example

✅

pageva vutyassa

🔼(pageva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life

pā + eva
→ (p +ā) + (e) + va (rule 10)
→ p +(ā→ag + e) + va (rule 43)
→ (p +a) + (g + e) + va (rule 11)
→ pageva

Counter Example

⛔️

pā eva vutyassa

🔼(pā eva) 🚺⓪⨀(vutti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
all the more | of this way of life

(no sandhi)

44 [R24] “abbh” (from) “abhi”

𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁄 𑀅𑀪𑀺 (abbho abhi) vidhi utsarga

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space abhi space:2 abbho space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("abhi")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("abbh")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context
    
  
  
    space
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

“abhi” followed by vowel is replaced by “abbh”.

Abhiiccetassa sare pare abbhādeso hoti.

𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

अभिइच्चेतस्स सरे परे अब्भादेसो होति।

Examples

✅

abbhudīritaṃ

🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(udīrita)
highly | mentioned

abhi + udīritaṃ
→ (abhi→abbh) + udīritaṃ (rule 44)
→ abbhudīritaṃ

✅

abbhuggacchati

🔼(abhi) ▶️🤟⨀(uggacchati)
highly | rises

abhi + uggacchati
→ (abhi→abbh) + uggacchati (rule 44)
→ abbhuggacchati

dn16#1.23.6

45 [R25] “ajjh” (from) “adhi”

𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑁄𑀅𑀥𑀺 (ajjhoadhi) vidhi utsarga

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space adhi space:2 ajjho space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("adhi")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("ajjh")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    space
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

“adhi” followed by vowel is replaced by “ajjh”.

Adhiiccetassa sare pare ajjhādeso hoti.

𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

अधिइच्चेतस्स सरे परे अज्झादेसो होति।

Examples

✅

ajjhokāse

🚹⑦⨀(ajjhokāsa)
in open air

adhi + okāse
→ (adhi→ajjh) + okāse (rule 45)
→ ajjhokāse

sn17.8#1.5

✅

ajjhāgamā

🔵⏮🤟⨀(ajjhāgami)
found

adhi + āgamā
→ (adhi→ajjh) + āgamā (rule 45)
→ ajjhāgamā

Note: CSCD misspells this example.

mn14#5.5

46 [R26] Optionally, the (above two rules) do not apply before “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”)

𑀢𑁂 𑀦 𑀯𑀸 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 (te na vā ivaṇṇe) vidhi apavāda

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space te na:2 space ivaṇṇe vā space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("abhi,adhi")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("(abhi,adhi)")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"pakati"-->After
  end
  
    Next["i,ī"]
    class Next context
    
  
  
    Marker[/"vā"\]
    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

Optionally, “abhi” and “adhi” before the “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”) do not become “abbh” and “ajjh”.

Te ca kho abhiadhiiccete ivaṇṇe pare abbho ajjhoitivuttarūpā na honti vā.

Note: CSCD misspells “na” as “naṃ”.

𑀢𑁂 𑀘 𑀔𑁄 𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀅𑀥𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑁂 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀩𑁆𑀪𑁄 𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑁄𑀇𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 𑀦 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

ते च खो अभिअधिइच्चेते इवण्णे परे अब्भो अज्झोइतिवुत्तरूपा न होन्ति वा।

Examples

✅

abhicchitaṃ

🔼(abhi) + 🚻①⨀(icchita)
desired

(no sandhi)

✅

adhīritaṃ

🔼(adhi) + 🚻①⨀(īrita)
uttered

(no sandhi)

Counter Examples

⛔️

abbhīritaṃ

🔼(abhi) 🚻①⨀(īrita)
highly | moved

abhi + īritaṃ
→ (abhi→abbh) + īritaṃ (rule 44)
→ abbhīritaṃ

⛔️

ajjhiṇamutto

🔼(adhi) 🚻①⨀(iṇamutta)
towards | free from debt

adhi + iṇamutto
→ (adhi→ajjh) + iṇamutto (rule 45)
→ ajjhiṇamutto

47 [R23] “ati” not (replaced with) “c” (before “i” phoneme)

𑀅𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘𑀦𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 (atissa canatassa)¹ vidhi apavāda

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space atissa space:2 cantassa space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("ati")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("(ati)")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"pakati"-->After
  end
  
    Next["i,ī"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    space
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

The “ti” of word “ati” is not replaced with “c” (rule 19) when followed by “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”).

Atiiccetassa antabhūtassa tisaddassa ivaṇṇe pare “sabbo cantī"ti vuttarūpaṃ na hoti.

Note: CSCD incorrectly spells rule 19

𑀅𑀢𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀢𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 “𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀻"𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀁 𑀦 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

अतिइच्चेतस्स अन्तभूतस्स तिसद्दस्स इवण्णे परे “सब्बो चन्ती"ति वुत्तरूपं न होति।

Examples

✅

atīsigaṇo

🔼(ati) 🚹①⨀(isi) 🚹①⨀(gaṇa)
too | sage | with group

ati + isi + gaṇo
→ a + (t + i) + (i) + si + gaṇo (rule 10)
→ a + t + (i + i) + si + gaṇo (rule 12)
→ a + t + (i→ī) + si + gaṇo (rule 15)
→ a + (t + ī) + si + gaṇo (rule 11)
→ atīsigaṇo

✅

atīritaṃ

🚻①⨀(atīrita)
not tested

ati + īritaṃ
→ a + (t + i) + (ī) + ritaṃ (rule 10)
→ a + t + (i + ī) + ritaṃ (rule 12)
→ a + (t + ī) + ritaṃ (rule 11)
→ atīritaṃ

Counter Example

⛔️

accantaṃ

🚻①⨀(accanta)
final

ati + antaṃ
→ a + (ti→c) + (a) + ntaṃ (rule 19)
→ a + (c→cc) + (a) + ntaṃ (rule 28)
→ a + (cc + a) + ntaṃ (rule 11)
→ accantaṃ

sn5.3#5.1

48 [R43] Occasionally, “pati” becomes “paṭi”

𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀝𑀺 𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kvaci paṭi patissa) vidhi apavāda

block-beta
  columns 8
  
space patissa space:2 paṭi space kvaci space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("pati")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("paṭi")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    space
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

Occasionally, “pati” followed by vowel or consonant is replaced by “paṭi”.

Patiiccetassa sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci paṭiādeso hoti.

𑀧𑀢𑀺𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀝𑀺𑀆𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

पतिइच्चेतस्स सरे वा ब्यञ्जने वा परे क्वचि पटिआदेसो होति।

Examples

✅

paṭaggi dātabbo

🚹①⨀(paṭaggi) 🚹①⨀(dātabba)
counter fire | should be given

pati + aggi
→ (pati→paṭi) + (a) + ggi (rule 48)
→ paṭaggi

✅

paṭihaññati

▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck

pati + haññati
→ (pati→paṭi) + (h) + aññati (rule 48)
→ paṭihaññati

mn130#17.1

Counter Examples

⛔️

paccantimesu janapadesu

🚹⑦⨂(paccantima) 🚹⑦⨂(janapada)
in outlying | in countries

pati + antimesu
→ pa + (ti→c) + (a) + ntimesu (rule 19)
→ pa + (c→cc) + (a) + ntimesu (rule 28)
→ pa + (cc + a) + ntimesu (rule 11)
→ paccantimesu

dn33#3.2.60

⛔️

patilīyati

▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from

pati + līyati
(no sandhi)

an7.49#2.3

⛔️

patirūpadesavāso ca

🚹①⨀(patirūpadesavāsa) 🔼(ca)
living in a suitable place | and

pati + rūpadesavāso
(no sandhi)

49 [R44] (Occasionally, the end of) “putha” becomes “u” before consonant

𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀼 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (puthassu byañjane) vidhi utsarga

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The end vowel of “putha” followed by consonant becomes “u”.

Puthaiccetassa anto saro byañjane pare ukāro hoti.

𑀧𑀼𑀣𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀉𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

पुथैच्चेतस्स अन्तो सरो ब्यञ्जने परे उकारो होति।

Examples

✅

puthujjano

🚹①⨀(puthujjana)
common man

putha + jano
→ puth + (a→u) + jano (rule 49)
→ puthujjano

dn1#1.7.1

✅

puthubhūtaṃ

🚻①⨀(puthubhūta)
widely spread

putha + bhūtaṃ
→ puth + (a→u) + bhūtaṃ (rule 49)
→ puthubhūtaṃ

dn16#3.8.16

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By exception the end vowel of a word, even when not “putha”, becomes “u”.

Antaggahaṇena aputhassāpi sare pare antassa ukāro hoti.

𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀅𑀧𑀼𑀣𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀧𑀺 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀉𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

अन्तग्गहणेन अपुथस्सापि सरे परे अन्तस्स उकारो होति।

Example

✅

manuññaṃ

🚻①⨀(manuñña)
beautiful

mano + ñaṃ
→ ma + (n + o) + (ñ + a + ṃ) (rule 10)
→ ma + n + (o→u) + ñ + a + ṃ (rule 49)
→ ma + n + u + (ñ→ññ) + a + ṃ (rule 28)
→ ma + (n + u) + (ññ + a + ṃ) (rule 11)
→ manuññaṃ

dn17#2.13.2

50 [R45] (Occasionally, the end vowel of) “ava” (becomes) “o” (before consonant)

𑀑 𑀅𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 (o avassa) vidhi apavāda

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Occasionally, the end vowel of “ava” followed by consonant becomes “o”.

Avaiccetassa byañjane pare kvaci okāro hoti.

𑀅𑀯𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

अवैच्चेतस्स ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि ओकारो होति।

Example

✅

andhakārena onaddhā

🚹③⨀(andhakāra) 🚹⑤⨀(onaddha)
with darkness | enveloped with

ava + naddhā
→ (ava→o) + naddhā (rule 50)
→ onaddhā

an4.50#12.1

Counter Example

⛔️

avasussatu me sarīre maṃsalohitaṃ

⏹🤟⨀(avasussati) 👆④⨀(ahaṃ)🚻⑦⨀(sarīra) 🚻①⨀(maṃsalohita)
dries up | for me | in body | flesh and blood

(no sandhi)

sn21.3#3.6

51 [R32] Further application of previous euphonic grammatical rules

𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀧𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀬𑁄𑀕𑀢𑁄 (anupadiṭṭhānaṃ vuttayogato) paribhāsā vidhyaṅga

The previous rules of vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi and miscellaneous sandhi should also be applied to upasagga (prefixes) and nipāta (particles) following the stated order.

Anupadiṭṭhānaṃ upasagganipātānaṃ sarasandhīhi byañjanasandhīhi vuttasandhīhi ca yathāyogaṃ yojetabbaṃ.

𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀧𑀤𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀉𑀧𑀲𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑀺𑀧𑀸𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀯𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀲𑀦𑁆𑀥𑀻𑀳𑀺 𑀘 𑀬𑀣𑀸𑀬𑁄𑀕𑀁 𑀬𑁄𑀚𑁂𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀁𑁇

अनुपदिट्ठानं उपसग्गनिपातानं सरसन्धीहि ब्यञ्जनसन्धीहि वुत्तसन्धीहि च यथायोगं योजेतब्बं।

Examples (before vowels)

✅

pāpanaṃ

🚻①⨀(pāpana)
attaining
pa + √ap + *e + ana

dhp261

✅

parāyaṇaṃ

🚻①⨀(parāyaṇa)
destined
parā + √i + *aṇa

sn43.44#1.3

✅

upāyanaṃ

🚻①⨀(upāyana)
tribute
upa + ā + √i

dn1#1.23.2

✅

upāhanaṃ

🚹②⨀(upāhana)
sandals
upa + ā + √nah + a

✅

nyāyogo

🔼(ni) 🚹①⨀(āyoga)
without devotion
ni + ā + √yuj + *e + a

✅

nigupadhi

🔼(ni) 🚹①⨀(upadhi)
without attachment
ni + upa + √dhā

✅

anubodho

🚹①⨀(anubodha)
knowledge
anu + √budh + *a

an7.66#14.5

✅

duvūpasantaṃ

🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(upasanta)
difficulty calming
du + upa + √sam + ta

✅

suvūpasantaṃ

🔼(su) 🚻①⨀(upasanta)
easy calming
su + upa + √sam + ta

✅

dvālayo

🔼(du) 🚹①⨀(ālaya)
bad attachment
du + ā + √lī + *a

✅

svālayo

🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(ālaya)
good attachment
su + ā + √lī + *a

✅

durākhyātaṃ

🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(ākhyāta)
wrongly proclaimed
du + ā + √khyā + ta

✅

svākhyāto

🚹①⨀(svākhyāta)
well proclaimed
su + ā + √khyā + ā

dn16#2.9.6

✅

udīritaṃ

🚻①⨀(udīrita)
uttered
ud + √īr + ita

ud4.8#19.3

✅

samuddiṭṭhaṃ

🚻①⨀(samuddiṭṭha)
explained
saṃ + ud + √dis + ta

✅

viyaggaṃ

🔼(vi) 🚻①⨀(agga)
very highest
vi + aggaṃ

✅

vijjhaggaṃ

🔼(vi adhi) 🚻①⨀(agga)
very highest
vi + adhi + aggaṃ

✅

byaggaṃ

↩️👆⨀(byaggā)
departed
vi + a + √gam + ā

✅

avayāgamanaṃ

🔼(ava) 🚻①⨀(āgamana)
lower arrival
ava + ā + √gam + ana

✅

anveti

▶️🤟⨀(anveti)
follows
anu + √i + a + ti

✅

anupaghāto

🚹①⨀(anupaghāta)
not hurtful
na + upa + √ghaṭ + *a

mn103#10.2

✅

anacchariyaṃ

🚻①⨀(anacchariya)
natural
na + acchara + iya

dn16#2.8.1

✅

pariyesanā

🚺①⨀(pariyesanā)
searching
pari + √es + anā

dn15#18.3

✅

parāmāso

🚺①⨀(pariyesanā)
searching
pari + √es + anā

sn22.46#2.3

Examples (before consonants)

✅

pariggaho

🚹①⨀(pariggaha) surrounding pari + √gah + a

dn15#9.1

✅

paggaho

🚹①⨀(paggaha)
effort
pa + √gah + a

dn33#1.9.28

✅

pakkamo

🚹①⨀(pakkama)
initial effort
pa + √kam + a

✅

pakkamo

🚹①⨀(parakkama)
continued effort
parā + √kam + a

✅

nikkamo

🚹①⨀(nikkama)
endurance
nī + √kam + a

✅

nikkasāvo

🚹①⨀(nikkama)
endurance
nī + √kam + a

ud1.4#4.2

✅

nillayanaṃ

🔼(ni) 🚹⑥⨀(laya)
without clinging
ni + √lī + *a

✅

dullayanaṃ

🔼(du) 🚹⑥⨀(laya)
bad clinging
du + √lī + *a

✅

dumbhikkhaṃ

🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(bhikkha)
wrong begging
du + √bhikkh + a

✅

dubbuttaṃ

🔼(du) 🚻①⨀(bhikkha)
wrong begging
du + √bhikkh + a

dn1#1.25.2

✅

sandiṭṭhaṃ

🚻①⨀(sandiṭṭha)
well-pronounced
saṃ + √dis + ta

✅

duggaho

🚹①⨀(duggaha)
taking hold of wrongly
du+√gah + a

✅

viggaho

🚹①⨀(viggaha)
quarrel
vi + √gah + a

dn13#8.8

✅

niggato

🚹①⨀(niggata)
gone out
nī + √gam + ta

✅

abhikkamo

🚹①⨀(niggata)
gone out
nī + √gam + ta

dn2#10.12

✅

paṭikkamo

🚹①⨀(paṭikkama)
recession
pati + √kam + a + a

sn22.88#3.1

All remaining (rules) should be applied.

Sesā sabbe yojetabbā.

𑀲𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁂 𑀬𑁄𑀚𑁂𑀢𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀸𑁇

सेसा सब्बे योजेतब्बा।

CSCD incorrectly spells “canatassa” as “cantassa” ↩︎

Last modified February 27, 2024: Corrected Brahmi for 1.5 (f5a1d51)

1.5 𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀫𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Pañcamakaṇḍa) - VuttaSandhi

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42 [R32] Occasionally, there is insertion of “g” after “putha” before vowel

43 [R33] (Occasionally, the) ending of “pā” is shortened (together with insertion of “g”)

44 [R24] “abbh” (from) “abhi”

45 [R25] “ajjh” (from) “adhi”

46 [R26] Optionally, the (above two rules) do not apply before “i” phoneme (“i” and “ī”)

47 [R23] “ati” not (replaced with) “c” (before “i” phoneme)

48 [R43] Occasionally, “pati” becomes “paṭi”

49 [R44] (Occasionally, the end of) “putha” becomes “u” before consonant

50 [R45] (Occasionally, the end vowel of) “ava” (becomes) “o” (before consonant)

51 [R32] Further application of previous euphonic grammatical rules