1.4 𑀘𑀢𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Catutthakaṇḍa) - Niggahita Sandhi

This section describes niggahitasandhi (when a niggahita is joined to another letter).
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30 [R58] “aṃ” before consonant (remains) niggahita

𑀅𑀁𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 (aṃbyañjane niggahitaṃ) vidhi utsarga

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    space:2
    
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Niggahita before other consonant remains as “aṃ”.

Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare aṃ iti hoti.

𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀅𑀁 𑀇𑀢𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

निग्गहितं खो ब्यञ्जने परे अं इति होति।

Examples

  • ✅

    evaṃ vutte

    🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(vutta)
    thus | said

    evaṃ + vutte
    (no sandhi)

    snp1.7#3.1
  • ✅

    taṃ sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
    that | auspicious | like this | having agreed

    taṃ + sādhūti
    (no sandhi)

    • 31 [R49] Optionally, (niggahita changes to) end consonant in group, before (consonant in that) group

    𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀯𑀸 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 (vaggantaṃ vā vagge) vidhi apavāda

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      class Before pre0
    
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      After("vaggantaṃ")
      class After post
      
    
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    class Next context
    
  
  
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    Following a consonant existing in a group, the niggahita becomes the end consonant in that group.

    Vaggabhūte byañjane pare niggahitaṃ kho vaggantaṃ vā pappoti.

    𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀪𑀽𑀢𑁂 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀁 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    वग्गभूते ब्यञ्जने परे निग्गहितं खो वग्गन्तं वा पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    tanniccutaṃ

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(ni) 🚻①⨀(cuta)
    that | out | died

    taṃ + ni + cutaṃ
    → (ta + ṃ) + (n + i) + (c + u) + taṃ (rule 10)
    → ta + (ṃ→n + n) + i + c + u + taṃ (rule 31)
    → ta + n + n + i + (c→cc + u) + taṃ (rule 28)
    → (ta + n) + (n + i) + (cc + u) + taṃ (rule 11)
    → tanniccutaṃ

    n is the last consonant in the group starting with “t” (ta tha da dha na)

  • ✅

    dhammañcare sucaritaṃ

    🚻①⨀(dhamma) 🔵▶️👆⨀(carati) 🚻①⨀(sucarita)
    dhamma | I practice | moral

    dhammaṃ + care
    → dham + (ma + ṃ) + (c + a) + re (rule 10)
    → dham + ma + (ṃ→ñ + c) + a + re (rule 31)
    → dham + (ma + ñ) + (c + a) + re (rule 11)
    → dhammañcare

    ñ is the last consonant in the group starting with “c” (ca cha ja jha ña)

  • ✅

    cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ

    🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
    who is long absent from home | person

    ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ
    → ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 10)
    → ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 31)
    → ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 35)
    → ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 11)
    → cirappavāsiṃ

    m is the last consonant in the group starting with “p” (pa pha ba bha ma)

    dhp217
  • ✅

    santantassa manaṃ hoti

    🚻①⨀(santa) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(mana) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
    of that calm | having such a mind | is

    santaṃ + tassa
    → san + (t + a + ṃ) + (t + a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → san + t + a + (ṃ→n + t) + a + ssa (rule 31)
    → san + (t + a + n) + (t + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → santantassa

    n is the last consonant in the group starting with “t” (ta tha da dha na)

  • ✅

    taṅkāruṇikaṃ

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kāruṇika)
    that | compassionate

    taṃ + kāruṇikaṃ
    → (ta + ṃ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ (rule 10)
    → (ta + (ṃ→ṅ + k) + ā + ruṇikaṃ (rule 31)
    → (ta + ṅ) + (k + ā) + ruṇikaṃ (rule 11)
    → taṅkāruṇikaṃ

    ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with “k” (ka kha ga gha ṅa)

  • ✅

    evaṅkho bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ

    🔼(evaṃ kho) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
    thus | indeed | bhikkhave | should be learned

    evaṃ + kho
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (kh + o) (rule 10)
    → e + v + a + (ṃ→ṅ + kh) + o (rule 31)
    → e + (v + a + ṅ) + (kh + o) (rule 11) → evaṅkho

    ṅ is the last consonant in the group starting with “k” (ka kha ga gha ṅa)

    • block-beta
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    By not taking this optional rule, the niggahita is replaced with the letter “l”.

    Vāggahaṇenaniggahitaṃ kho lakārādeso hoti.

    𑀯𑀸𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀮𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    वाग्गहणेननिग्गहितं खो लकारादेसो होति।

    Example

  • ✅

    pulliṅgaṃ

    🚹②⨀(pulliṅga)
    masculine gender

    puṃ + liṅgaṃ
    → (p +u +ṃ) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ (rule 10)
    → p +u +(ṃ→l + l) + i + ṅgaṃ (rule 31)
    → (p +u +l) + (l + i) + ṅgaṃ (rule 11)
    → pulliṅgaṃ

    • Counter Example

  • ⛔️

    na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu

    🔼(na) 🚻①⨀(ta) 🚻①⨀(kamma) 🚻①⨀(kata) 🚹①⨀(sādhu)
    no | that | karma | completed | excellent

    (no sandhi)

    • 32 [R50] (Optionally, niggahita followed by) “e” or “h” (becomes) “ñ”

    𑀏𑀳𑁂 𑀜𑀁 (ehe ñaṃ) vidhi apavāda

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    Optionally, the niggahita, followed by “e” or “h”, becomes “ñ”.

    Ekārahakāre pare niggahitaṃ kho ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

    𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀳𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀜𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    एकारहकारे परे निग्गहितं खो ञकारं पप्पोति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    paccattaññeva parinibbāyissāmi

    🚻①⨀(paccatta) 🔼(eva) ⏭👆⨀(parinibbāyati)
    individual | just | completely quenched

    paccattaṃ + eva
    → paccat + (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
    → paccat + t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + va (rule 32)
    → paccat + t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + va (rule 28)
    → paccat + (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + va (rule 11)
    → paccattaññeva

  • ✅

    taññevettha paṭipucchissāmi

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(eva) 🔼(ettha) ⏭👆⨀(paṭipucchati)
    that just | here | asks about

    taṃ + eva + ettha
    → (t + a + ṃ) + (e) + (v + a) + (e) + ttha (rule 10)
    → t + a + (ṃ→ñ + e) + v + a + e + ttha (rule 32)
    → t + (a + ñ→ññ) + e + v + a + e + ttha (rule 28)
    → t + a + ñ + ñ + e + v + (a + e) + ttha (rule 12)
    → (t + a + ñ) + (ñ + e) + (v + e) + ttha (rule 11)
    → taññevettha

    dn2#34.8
  • ✅

    evañhi vo bhikkhave sikkhitabbaṃ

    🔼(evaṃ hi vo) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(sikkhitabba)
    thus | certainly | surely | bhikkhave | should be practised

    evaṃ + hi
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
    → e + v + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i (rule 32)
    → e + (v + a + ñ) + (h + i) (rule 11)
    → evañhi

    mn21#19.15
  • ✅

    tañhi tassa musā hoti

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(hi) 🚹⑥⨀(ta) 🔼(musā) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
    that | surely | of that | lie | is

    taṃ + hi
    → (t + a + ṃ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
    → t + a + (ṃ→ñ + h) + i (rule 32)
    → (t + a + ñ) + (h + i) (rule 10)
    → tañhi

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    evametaṃ abhiññāya

    🔼(evaṃ) 🚻①⨀(eta) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
    thus | this | with direct knowledge

    evaṃ + etaṃ
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (e) + taṃ (rule 10)
    → e + v + a + (ṃ→m + e) + taṃ (rule 34)
    → e + (v + a + m) + (e) + taṃ (rule 11)
    → evametaṃ

    snp5.15#4.3
  • ⛔️

    evaṃ hoti subhāsitaṃ

    🔼(evaṃ) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti) 🚻①⨀(subhāsita)
    thus | is | well spoken

    (no sandhi)

    • 33 [R50] (Optionally, niggahita) and “y” (becomes “ñ”)

    𑀲𑀬𑁂 𑀘 (saye ca) vidhi apavāda

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    Optionally, the niggahita, followed by “y”, together with “y” becomes “ñ”.

    Niggahitaṃ kho yakāre pare saha yakārena ñakāraṃ pappoti vā.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀲𑀳 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀦 𑀜𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    निग्गहितं खो यकारे परे सह यकारेन ञकारं पप्पोति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    saññogo

    🚹①⨀(saññoga)
    attachment

    saṃ + yogo
    → (s + a + ṃ) + (y + o) + go (rule 10)
    → s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + o + go (rule 33)
    → s + (a + ñ→ññ) + o + go (rule 28)
    → (s + a + ñ) + (ñ + o) + go (rule 11)
    → saññogo

  • ✅

    saññuttaṃ

    🚻①⨀(saññutta)
    tied

    saṃ + yuttaṃ
    → (s + a +ṃ) + (y + u) + ttaṃ (rule 10)
    → s + a + (ṃ + y)→ñ + u + ttaṃ (rule 33)
    → s + (a + ñ→ññ) + u + ttaṃ (rule 28)
    → (s + a +ñ) + (ñ + u) + ttaṃ (rule 11)
    → saññuttaṃ

    thag16.2#16.1

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    saṃyogo

    🚹①⨀(saṃyoga)
    attachment

    (no sandhi)

  • ⛔️

    saṃyuttaṃ

    🚻①⨀(saṃyutta)
    tied

    (no sandhi)

    • 34 [R52] (Optionally, niggahita) before vowel (becomes) “m” or “d”

    𑀫𑀤𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑁂 (madā sare) vidhi apavāda

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    Optionally, the niggahita before a vowel is replaed with “m” or “d”.

    Niggahitassa kho sare pare makāradakārādesā honti vā.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    निग्गहितस्स खो सरे परे मकारदकारादेसा होन्ति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    tamahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ

    🚻①⨀(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) ▶️👆⨀(brūti) 🚹②⨀(brāhmaṇa)
    that | I | call | brahman

    taṃ + ahaṃ
    → (t + a + ṃ) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
    → t + a + (ṃ→m + a) + haṃ (rule 34)
    → (t + a + m) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
    → tamahaṃ

    snp3.9#32.1
  • ✅

    etadavoca satthā

    🔼(etaṃ) 🔵⏮🤟⨀(avoca) 🚹①⨂(sattha)
    thus | said | master

    etaṃ + avoca
    → e + (t + a +ṃ) + (a) + voca (rule 10)
    → e + t + a + (ṃ→d + a) + voca (rule 34)
    → e + (t + a +d) + (a) + voca (rule 11)
    → etadavoca

    dn16#4.3.2

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ

    ⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
    verbally abused | me | beat | me

    (no sandhi)

    mn128#6.9
  • ⛔️

    ajini maṃ ahāsi me

    ⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
    robbed | me | stole | me

    (no sandhi)

    • 35 [R34] (Optionally) “y”, “v”, “m”, “d”, “n”, “t”, “r” or “l” inserted (before vowel)

    𑀬 𑀯 𑀫 𑀤 𑀦 𑀢 𑀭 𑀮𑀸 𑀘𑀸𑀕𑀫𑀸 (ya va ma da na ta ra lā cāgamā) vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
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    Optionally, “y”, “v”, “m”, “d”, “n”, “t”, “r”, “ḷ” are inserted before a vowel.

    Sare pare yakāro vakāro makāro dakāro nakāro takāro rakāro lakāro ime āgamā honti vā.

    𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀯𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀦𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀇𑀫𑁂 𑀆𑀕𑀫𑀸 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    सरे परे यकारो वकारो मकारो दकारो नकारो तकारो रकारो लकारो इमे आगमा होन्ति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    nayimassa vijjā

    🔼(na) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚺①⨀(vijjā)
    no | of this | knowledge

    na + imassa
    → na + (y) + imassa (rule 35)
    → nayimassa

  • ✅

    yathayidaṃ cittaṃ

    ⏹🤘⨂(yāti) 🔼(idaṃ) 🚻①⨀(citta)
    travel | this | mind | mind

    yatha + idaṃ
    → yatha + (y) + idaṃ (rule 35)
    → yathayidaṃ

    an1.1#2.1
  • ✅

    migī bhantā vudikkhati

    🚺①⨀(migī) 🚺①⨀(bhanta) ▶️🤟⨀(udikkhati)
    doe | swerving | perceive

    bhantā + udikkhati
    → bhantā + (v) + udikkhati (rule 35)
    → bhantāvudikkhati

  • ✅

    sittā te lahu messati

    🚺①⨀(sitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(lahu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
    emptied | by you | fast | becomes

    lahu + essati
    → lahu + (m) + essati (rule 35)
    → lahumessati

    dhp366
  • ✅

    asittā te garu messati

    🚺①⨀(asitta) 🤘③⨀(tvaṃ) 🚺①⨀(garu) ⏭🤟⨀(eti)
    nonemptied | by you | heavy | becomes

    garu + essati
    → garu + (m) + essati (rule 35)
    → garumessati

  • ✅

    asso bhadro kasāmiva

    🚹①⨀(assa) 🚹①⨀(bhadra) 🚹⓪⨀(kasanta) 🔼(iva)
    horse | fortunate | ploughing | like

    kasā + iva
    → kasā + (m) + iva (rule 35)
    → kasāmiva

    dhp138
  • ✅

    sammadaññā vimuttānaṃ

    🚺①⨀(sammadaññā) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
    complete understanding | of liberation

    sammā + aññā
    → sammā + (d) + aññā (rule 35)
    → sammadaññā

    dhp54
  • ✅

    manasādaññā vimuttānaṃ

    🚹③⨀(manas) 🚹③⨀(añña) 🚹⑥⨂(vimutta)
    with mind | awakening | of liberation

    manasā + aññā
    → manasā + (d) + aññā (rule 35)
    → manasādaññā

  • ✅

    attadatthamabhiññāya

    🚹⓪⨀(attadattha) 🚺③⨀(abhiñña)
    one own’s benefit | with direct knowledge

    attadattha + abhiññāya
    → attadattha + (m) + abhiññāya (rule 35)
    → attadatthamabhiññāya

  • ✅

    ciraṃnāyati

    🚻①⨀(cira) 🚻①⨀(āyati)
    long time | future

    ciraṃ + āyati
    → ciraṃ + (n) + āyati (rule 35)
    → ciraṃnāyati

  • ✅

    ito nāyati

    🚹①⨀(ita) 🚺①⨀(āyati)
    from now | future

    ito + āyati
    → ito + (n) + āyati (rule 35)
    → itonāyati

  • ✅

    yasmātiha bhikkhave

    🚹⑤⨀(ya) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
    from what | here | bhikkhave

    yasmā + iha
    → yasmā + (t) + iha (rule 35)
    → yasmātiha

  • ✅

    tasmātiha bhikkhave

    🚹⑤⨀(ta) 🔼(iha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu)
    from that | here | bhikkhave

    tasmā + iha
    → tasmā + (t) + iha (rule 35)
    → tasmātiha

    dn16#3.50.3
  • ✅

    ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ

    🔼(ajjatagge) 🚹②⨀(pāṇupeta)
    from today onwards | until death

    ajja + agga + e
    → ajja + (t) + agga + e (rule 35)
    → ajjatagge

    dn5#28.5
  • ✅

    āraggeriva sāsapo

    🚻⑦⨀(āragga) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(sāsapa)
    in pin point | like | mustard seed

    āragge + iva
    → āragge + (r) + iva (rule 35)
    → āraggeriva

    mn98#11.24
  • ✅

    sāsaporiva āraggā

    🚹①⨀(sāsapa) 🔼(iva) 🚻③⨀(āragga)
    mustard seed | like | with pin-point

    sāsapo + iva
    → sāsapo + (r) + iva (rule 35)
    → sāsaporiva

    mn98#11.49
  • ✅

    chaḷabhiññā

    🚹①⨂(chaḷabhiñña)
    having six higher knowledges

    cha + abhiññā
    → cha + (ḷ) + abhiññā (rule 35)
    → chaḷabhiññā

    thig11.1#5.3
  • ✅

    saḷāyatanaṃ

    🚻①⨀(saḷāyatana)
    six sense fields

    sa + āyatana
    → sa + (ḷ) + āyatana (rule 35)
    → saḷāyatanaṃ

    dn14#2.18.33

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    evaṃ mahiddhiyā esā

    🔼(evaṃ) 🚺①⨀(maha) 🚺③⨀(iddhi) 🚺①⨀(eta)
    thus | great | with psychic power | this

    mahā + iddhiyā
    → ma + (h + ā) + (i) + ddhiyā (rule 10) → ma + h + (ā + i) + ddhiyā (rule 12)
    → ma + (h + i) + ddhiyā (rule 11)
    → mahiddhiyā

  • ⛔️

    akkocchi maṃ avadhi maṃ

    ⏮🤟⨀(akkocchi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(avadhi) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ)
    verbally abused | me | beat | me

    (no sandhi)

    mn128#6.9
  • ⛔️

    ajini maṃ ahāsi me

    ⏮🤟⨀(ajini) 👆②⨀(ahaṃ) ⏮🤟⨀(ahāsi) 👆⑥⨀(ahaṃ)
    robbed | me | stole | me

    (no sandhi)

  • ⛔️

    ajeyyo anugāmiko

    🚹①⨀(ajeyya) 🚹①⨀(anugāmika)
    invincible | follower

    (no sandhi)

    kp8#8.2

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    By using the word “ca” in this rule, “m” becomes “p”.

    Caggahaṇena idheva makārassa pakāro hoti.

    𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀇𑀥𑁂𑀯 𑀫𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    चग्गहणेन इधेव मकारस्स पकारो होति।

    Example

  • ✅

    cirappavāsiṃ purisaṃ

    🚻①⨀(cirappavāsī) 🚻①⨀(purisa)
    who is long absent from home | person

    ciraṃ + pavāsīṃ
    → ci + (r + a + ṃ) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 10)
    → ci + r + a + (ṃ→m + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 31)
    → ci + r + a + (m→p + p) + a + vāsīṃ (rule 35)
    → ci + (r + a + p) + (p +a) + vāsīṃ (rule 11)
    → cirappavāsiṃ

    dhp217

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    (Similarly,) “k” becomes “d”.

    Kakārassa ca dakāro hoti.

    𑀓𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    ककारस्स च दकारो होति।

    Example

  • ✅

    sadatthapasuto siyā

    🚹①⨀(sadatthapasuta) ⏯🤟⨀(siyā)
    intent on one’s own benefit | will be

    sa + kattha + pasuto
    → sa + (k→d) attha + pasuto (rule 35)
    → sadatthapasuto

    dhp166

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    (Similarly,) “d” becomes “t”.

    Dakārassa ca takāro hoti.

    𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    दकारस्स च तकारो होति।

    Example

  • ✅

    sugato

    🚹①⨀(sugata)
    well gone

    sugado
    → suga + (d + o) (rule 35)
    → sugato

    • 36 [R47] Occasionally, (insertion of) “o” before consonant

    𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (kvaci o byañjane) vidhi apavāda

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    Occasionally, there is insertion of “o” before consonant.

    Byañjane pare kvaci okārāgamo hoti.

    𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि ओकारागमो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    atippago kho tāva sāvatthiyaṃ piṇḍāya carituṃ

    🔼(atippago kho) 🔼(tāva) 🚺⑦⨀(sāvatthī) 🚹④⨀(piṇḍa) 🔼(carituṃ)
    too early to | indeed | as far as | at Sāvatthī | for alms | walk

    atippago + kho???

    Note: this appears to be an invalid example as it is assuming the joining of atippag(a) + kho, using application on this rule and rule 12, however atippaga is not found in the dictionary but atippago is found in the Tipiṭaka.

  • ✅

    parosahassaṃ

    🚻①⨀(parosahassa)
    more than 1000

    para + sahassaṃ
    → pa + (r + a) + (s + a) + hassaṃ (rule 10)
    → pa + r + a + (o) + s + a + hassaṃ (rule 36)
    → pa + r + (a + o) + s + a + hassaṃ (rule 12)
    → pa + (r + o) + (s + a) + hassaṃ (rule 11)
    → parosahassaṃ

    dn3#1.5.6

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    etha passathimaṃ lokaṃ

    ▶️🤘⨂(eti) ⏹🤘⨂(passati) 🚻①⨀(ima) 🚹②⨀(loka)
    come you all | must lok | this | world

    passatha + imaṃ
    → passa + (th + a) + (i) + maṃ (rule 10)
    → passa + th + (a + i) + maṃ (rule 12)
    → passa + (th + i) + maṃ (rule 11)
    → passathimaṃ

  • ⛔️

    andhabhūto ayaṃ loko

    🚹①⨀(andhabhūta) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(loka)
    blind | this | world

    andha + bhūto
    (no sandhi)

    dhp173

    • 37 [R57] And niggahita (is occasionally inserted before consonant)

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀜𑁆𑀘 (niggahitañca) vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
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    Occasionally, a niggahita is inserted before a vowel or consonant.

    Niggahitañcāgamo hoti sare vā byañjane vā pare kvaci.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀜𑁆𑀘𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺𑁇

    निग्गहितञ्चागमो होति सरे वा ब्यञ्जने वा परे क्वचि।

    Examples

  • ✅

    cakkhuṃudapādi

    🚻①⨀(cakkhu) ⏮🤟⨀(udapādi)
    eye | arose

    cakkhu + udapādi
    → cakkhu + (ṃ) + udapādi (rule 37)
    → cakkhuṃudapādi

    dn14#2.19.6
  • ✅

    avaṃsiro

    🚹①⨀(avaṃsira)
    head down

    ava + siro
    → ava + (ṃ) + siro (rule 37)
    → avaṃsiro

  • ✅

    yāvañcidha bhikkhave purimaṃ jātiṃ sarāmi

    🚻①⨀(yāvant) 🔼(ca idha) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚻①⨀(purima) 🚺①⨀(jāti) ▶️👆⨀(sarati)
    as many as | and | here | bhikkhave | past | life | recollect

    jāti + sarāmi
    → jāti + (ṃ) + sarāmi (rule 37)
    → jātiṃsarāmi

  • ✅

    aṇuṃthūlāni sabbaso

    🔼(anu) 🚻①⨂(thūla) 🔼(sabbaso)
    after | massive | altogether

    aṇu + thūlāni
    → aṇu + (ṃ) + thūlāni (rule 37)
    → aṇuṃthūlāni

    dhp261
  • ✅

    manopubbaṅgamā dhammā

    🚹③⨀(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹③⨀(dhamma)
    led by mind | by nature

    mano + pubba + gama
    → mano + pubba + (ṃ) + gama (rule 37)
    → mano + pubba + (ṃ→ṅ + g) + ama (rule 31)
    → mano + pub + (b + a + ṅ) + (g + a) + ma (rule 11)
    → manopubbaṅgamā

    dhp1

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    idheva naṃ pasaṃsanti

    🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨂(pasaṃsati)
    right here | that | praise

    idha + eva
    → i + (dh + a) + (e) + va (rule 10)
    → i + dh + (a + e) + va (rule 12)
    → i + (dh + e) + va (rule 11)
    → idheva

    sn3.25#10.3
  • ⛔️

    pecca sagge pamodati

    🔼(pecca) 🚹⑦⨀(sagga) ▶️🤟⨀(pamodati)
    after death | in heaven | is happy with

    (no sandhi)

    sn3.25#10.4
  • ⛔️

    na hi etehi yānehi

    🔼(nahi) 🚹③⨂(eta) 🚻③⨂(yāna)
    certainly not | by this | by carriage

    (no sandhi)

    dhp321
  • ⛔️

    gaccheyya agataṃ disaṃ

    ⏯🤟⨀(gacchati) 🚹②⨀(agata) 🚹②⨀(disa)
    will go | not gone | enemy

    (no sandhi)

    dhp321

    • block-beta
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    space
  
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    columns 4
    
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      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
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    Before--"ādesa"-->After
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    class Next context0
  
  
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    By using the word “ca” in this rule, “vi” becomes “pa”.

    Caggahaṇena visaddassa ca pakāro hoti.

    𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 𑀧𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    चग्गहणेन विसद्दस्स च पकारो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    pacessati / vicessati

    ⏭🤟⨀(pacessati)
    will understand

    vicessati vā.
    ⏭🤟⨀(vicessati)
    will understand

    • 38 [R53] Occasionally, elision (of niggahita) before vowel

    𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 (kvaci lopaṃ) vidhi apavāda

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      class After post
      
    
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    class Next context
    
  
  
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    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
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    Occasionally, the niggahita before a vowel is elided.

    Niggahitaṃ kho sare pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    निग्गहितं खो सरे परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    tāsāhaṃ santike

    🚻⑥⨂(ta) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⑦⨀(santika)
    of that | I | near

    tāsaṃ + ahaṃ
    → tāsa (ṃ) + ahaṃ (rule 38)
    → tā + (s + a) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
    → tā + s + (a + a) + haṃ (rule 12)
    → tā + (s + a) + haṃ (rule 11)
    → tāsāhaṃ

    mn85#56.4
  • ✅

    vidūnaggamiti

    🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
    of wise men | foremost | and so

    vidūnaṃ + aggaṃ + iti
    → vidūna + (ṃ) + aggaṃ + iti (rule 38)
    → vidū + (n + a) + (a) + g + (g + a + ṃ) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
    → vidū + n + (a + a) + g + g + a + ṃ + i + ti (rule 12)
    → vidū + n + a + g + g + a + (ṃ→m + i) + ti (rule 34)
    → vidū + (n + a) + g + (g + a) + (m + i) + ti (rule 11)
    → vidūnaggamiti

    • Counter Example

  • ⛔️

    ahameva nūna bālo etamatthaṃ viditvāna

    🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla) 🔼(etamatthaṃ) 🔼(viditvāna)
    I am just | could it be | foolish | this meaning | having known

    ahaṃ + eva
    → a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
    → a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va (rule 34)
    → a + h + a + (m + e) + va (rule 11)
    → ahameva

    • 39 [R54] And (occasionally, elision of niggahita) before consonant

    𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂𑀘 (byañjaneca) vidhi apavāda

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    space:2
    
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      class After post0
    
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    class Next context
    
  
  
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    Occasionally, the niggahita before a consonant is elided.

    Niggahitaṃ kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ pappoti.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀁 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    निग्गहितं खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    ariyasaccānadassanaṃ

    🚻①⨀(ariyasaccānadassana)
    understanding the noble truths

    ariyasaccānaṃ + dassana
    → ariyasaccāna + (ṃ) + dassana (rule 39)
    → ariyasaccānadassanaṃ

  • ✅

    etaṃ buddhānasāsanaṃ

    🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(buddhānasāsana)
    this | Buddhas’ teaching

    buddhānaṃ + sāsana
    → buddhāna + (ṃ) + sāsana (rule 39)
    → buddhānasāsanaṃ

    dn14#3.28.9

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    etaṃ maṅgalamuttamaṃ

    🚻①⨀(eta) 🚻①⨀(maṅgala) 🚻①⨀(uttama)
    this | blessing | best

    maṅgalaṃ + uttamaṃ
    → maṅga + (l + a + ṃ) + (u) + ttamaṃ (rule 10)
    → maṅga + l + a + (ṃ→ m + u) + ttamaṃ (rule 34)
    → maṅga + l + a + (m + u) + ttamaṃ (rule 11)
    → maṅgalamuttamaṃ

    snp2.4#3.4
  • ⛔️

    taṃ vo vadāmi bhaddante

    🚻①⨀(ta) 🔼(vo) ▶️👆⨀(vadati) 🚹②⨂(bhaddanta)
    that | truly | I say | to venerable

    (no sandhi)

    • 40 [R55] Optionally, next vowel (after niggahita is elided)

    𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀭𑁄 (paro vāsaro) vidhi apavāda

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    class Previous context
    
  
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      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
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      class After post
      
    
    Before--"lopaṃ"-->After
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    Optionally, phoneme following niggahita is elided.

    Niggahitamhā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    निग्गहितम्हा परो सरो लोपं पप्पोति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti

    🚻①⨀(bhāsita) ⏮🤟⨂(abhinandi) 🔼(iti)
    speech | they were pleased with | like this

    abhinanduṃ + iti
    → abhinan + (d + u + ṃ) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
    → abhinan + d + u + (ṃ + i) + ti (rule 40)
    → abhinan + d + u + (ṃ→n + i) + ti (rule 34)
    → abhinan + (d + u + n) + ti (rule 11)
    → abhinandunti

    dn1#3.74.5
  • ✅

    uttattaṃva

    🚻①⨀(uttatta) 🔼(iva)
    shining | like

    uttattaṃ + iva
    → uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
    → uttat + t + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
    → uttat + (t + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
    → uttattaṃva

  • ✅

    yathābījaṃva

    🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(bīja) 🔼(iva)
    as per | seed | like this

    yathā + bījaṃ + iva
    → yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
    → yathā + bī + j + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
    → yathā + bī + (j + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
    → yathābījaṃva

  • ✅

    yathābījaṃva

    🔼(yathā) 🚻①⨀(dhañña) 🔼(iva)
    as per | crop | like this

    yathā + dhaññaṃ + iva
    → yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + (i) + va (rule 10)
    → yathā + dhañ + ñ + a + (ṃ + i) + va (rule 40)
    → yathā + dhañ + (ñ + a + ṃ) + va (rule 11)
    → yathādhaññaṃva

    • Counter Examples

  • ⛔️

    ahameva nūna bālo

    🔼(ahameva) 🔼(nūna) 🚹①⨀(bāla)
    I am just | could it be | foolish

    ahaṃ + eva
    → a + (h + a + ṃ) + (e) + va (rule 10)
    → a + h + a + (ṃ→m + e) + va (rule 34)
    → a + h + a + (m + e) + va (rule 11)
    → ahameva

  • ⛔️

    tadahosi

    🚻①⨀(ta) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
    that | was

    (no sandhi)

    • 41 [R55] And (after vowel is elided following niggahita) consonant is detached

    𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀘 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 (byañjano ca visaññogo) vidhi apavāda

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    class Previous context
    
  
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      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
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      class After post
      
    
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    When vowel following niggahita is elided, if (next) consonant is a double consonant, it becomes single consonant.

    Niggahitamhā parasmiṃ sare lutte yadi byañjano sasaññogo visaññogo hoti.

    𑀦𑀺𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀺𑀢𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀫𑀺𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀬𑀤𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 𑀯𑀺𑀲𑀜𑁆𑀜𑁄𑀕𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    निग्गहितम्हा परस्मिं सरे लुत्ते यदि ब्यञ्जनो ससञ्ञोगो विसञ्ञोगो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    evaṃsa te āsavo

    🔼(evaṃ) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🤘⑥⨀(tvaṃ) 🚹①⨀(āsava)
    thus | of this | of you | discharge

    evaṃ + assa
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → e + v + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa (rule 40)
    → e + v + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a (rule 41)
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (s + a) (rule 11)
    → evaṃsa

    mn2#12.3
  • ✅

    pupphaṃsā uppajji

    🚺①⨀(pupphaṃsā) ⏮🤟⨀(uppajji)
    fertile period | arose

    pupphaṃ + assā
    → pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → pup + ph + a + (ṃ + a) + ssa (rule 40)
    → pup + ph + a + ṃ + (ss→s) + a (rule 41)
    → pup + (ph + a + ṃ) + (s + a) (rule 11)
    → pupphaṃsā

    • Counter Example

  • ⛔️

    evamassa vidūnaggamiti

    🔼(evamassa) 🚹⑥⨂(vidū) 🚻①⨀(agga) 🔼(iti)
    thus to him | of wise men | highest | like this

    evaṃ + assa
    → e + (v + a + ṃ) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → e + v + a + (ṃ→m + a) + ssa (rule 34)
    → e + v + a + (m + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → evamassa

    • block-beta
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      After("byañjana")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"lopaṃ"-->After
  end
  
    Next["y"]
    class Next context
    
  
  
    Marker[/"ca"\]
    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
    space
  
  class arrow operation
  classDef context fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef context0 fill:#D2C4D6,stroke:#A49E9E,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef operation fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef operation0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef pre fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef pre0 fill:#64BFA4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef post fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef post0 fill:#3CADD4,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod1 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod10 fill:#EADA4F,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3
  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

    By employing the word “ca”, when there are three consonants, double consonants together with “y”, there is elision (of double consonant into single consonant).

    Caggahaṇena tiṇṇaṃ byañjanānamantare ye sarūpā, tesampi lopo hoti.

    𑀘𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀳𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀢𑀺𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀫𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑁂 𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸, 𑀢𑁂𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀧𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    चग्गहणेन तिण्णं ब्यञ्जनानमन्तरे ये सरूपा, तेसम्पि लोपो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    agyāgāraṃ

    🚻①⨀(agyāgāra)
    room for keeping the sacred fire

    aggi + agāraṃ
    → ag + (g + i) + (a) + gāraṃ (rule 10)
    → ag + g + (i→y) + a + gāraṃ (rule 21)
    → a + (gg→g) + y + a + gāraṃ (rule 41)
    → a + (g + y + a) + gāraṃ (rule 11)
    → agyāgāraṃ

    dn3#2.3.11
  • ✅

    paṭisanthāravutyassa

    🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
    one should be cordial by nature

    paṭisanthāra + vutti + assa
    → paṭisanthāra + vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → paṭisanthāra + vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa (rule 21)
    → paṭisanthāra + vu + (tt→t + y) + a + ssa (rule 41)
    → paṭisanthāra + vu + (t + y + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → paṭisanthāravutyassa

    dhp366

    • Last modified February 27, 2024: Kaccayana chapter 1 finished (2039317)