1.3 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Tatiyakaṇḍa) - Consonant Sandhi

This section describes byañjanasandhi (when a word ending with a vowel is joined to a word ending with a consonant).

23 [R26] vowel + consonant: original form

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 (sarā pakati byañjane) vidhi utsarga

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Vowel, followed by another consonant, retains original form.

Sarā kho byañjane pare pakatirūpāni honti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे पकतिरूपानि होन्ति।

Examples

✅

manopubbaṅgamā dhammā

🚹①⨂(manopubbaṅgama) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
led by mind | nature

mano + pubbaṅgamā
→ manopubbaṅgamā
(no sandhi)

dhp1

✅

pamādo maccuno padaṃ

🚹①⨀(pamāda) 🚹⑥⨀(maccu) 🚻①⨀(pada)
carelessness | of death | way

(no sandhi)

dhp21

✅

tiṇṇo pāraṅgato ahu

🚹①⨀(tiṇṇa) 🚹①⨀(pāraṅgata) ⏮🤟⨀(ahosi)
crossed over | reached the other shore | became

(no sandhi)

an4.5#4.1

24 [R35] (vowel +) vowel, occasionally (: original form)

𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 (sare kvaci) vidhi apavāda

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Vowel followed by another vowel occasionally retains original form.

Sarā kho sare pare kvaci pakatirūpāni honti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀧𑀓𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀺 𑀳𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो सरे परे क्वचि पकतिरूपानि होन्ति।

Example

✅

ko imaṃ pathaviṃ vicessati

🚹①⨀(ka) 🚺②⨀(ima) 🚺②⨀(pathavī) ⏭🤟⨀(vicessati)
who | this | earth | understand

(no sandhi)

dhp44

Counter Example

⛔️

appassutāyaṃ puriso

🚹①⨀(appassuta) 🚹①⨀(purisa)
ignorant | person

appassuto + ayaṃ
→ appassu + (t + o) + (a) + yaṃ (rule 10)
→ appassu + t + (~~o + a) + yaṃ (rule 12)
→ appassu + t + (a→ā) + yaṃ (rule 15)
→ appassu + (t + ā) + yaṃ (rule 11)
→ appassutāyaṃ

dhp146

25 [R37] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) long (occasionally)

𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 (dīghaṃ) vidhi apavāda

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Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes long.

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci dīghaṃ papponti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि दीघं पप्पोन्ति।

Examples

✅

sammā dhammaṃ vipassato

🔼(samma) 🚹②⨀(dhamma) 🚹⑥⨀(vipassanta)
friend | nature | seeing deeply into

samma + dhammaṃ
→ samm + (a→ā) + dhammaṃ (rule 25)
→ sammādhammaṃ

dhp360

✅

evaṃ gāme munī care

🔼(evaṃ) 🚹②⨂(gāma) 🚹①⨂(muni) 🚹②⨂(cara)
thus | village | sage | wandering

muni + care
→ mun + (i→ī) + care (rule 25)
→ munīcare

dhp44

✅

khantī paramaṃ tapo titikkhā

🚺①⨀(khanti) 🚻①⨀(parama) 🚹①⨀(tapa) 🚹①⨂(titikkha)
patience | highest | religious practice | enduring

khanti + paramaṃ
→ khant (i→ī) + paramaṃ (rule 25)
khantīparamaṃ

dhp179

Counter Examples

⛔️

idha modati pecca modati

🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad

(no sandhi)

dhp11

⛔️

patilīyati

▶️🤟⨀(patilīyati)
withdraws from

pati + līyati
(no sandhi)

sn8.2#3.3

⛔️

paṭihaññati

▶️🤟⨀(paṭihaññati)
is struck

paṭi + haññati (no sandhi)

mn130#17.1

26 [R38] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) short (occasionally)

𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀁 (rassaṃ) vidhi apavāda

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Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes short.

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci rassaṃ papponti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि रस्सं पप्पोन्ति।

Examples

✅

bhovādināma so hoti

🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is

bhovādī + nāma
→ bhovād + (ī→i) + nāma (rule 26)
→ bhovādināma

mn98#11.3

✅

bhovādināma so hoti

🚹①⨀(bhovādī) 🔼(nāma) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
Brahman | certainly | he | is

bhovādī + nāma
→ bhovād + (ī→i) + nāma (rule 26)
→ bhovādināma

mn98#11.3

✅

yathābhāvi guṇena so

🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(bhāvī) 🚹③⨀(guṇa) 🚹①⨀(ta)
like | predestined | by virtue | that

yathā + bhāvi
→ yath (ā→a) + bhāvi (rule 26)
→ yathabhāvi

Counter Examples

⛔️

sammāsamādhi

🚹①⨀(sammāsamādhi)
right mental composure

sammā + samādhi
(no sandhi)

dn6#14.5

⛔️

sammāsamādhi

🚹①⨀(sammāsamādhi)
right mental composure

sammā + samādhi
(no sandhi)

dn6#14.5

⛔️

sāvittī chandaso mukhaṃ

🚺①⨂(sāvitti) 🚹⑥⨀(chandas) 🚻①⨀(mukha)
Sāvittī (sun god) | of metre | opening

sāvittī + chandaso
(no sandhi)

mn92#26.2

⛔️

upanīyati jīvitamappamāyu

▶️🤟⨀(upanīyati) 🚻⓪⨀(jīvita) 🚹①⨀(appamāyu)
is lead to the end | existence | short-lived

jīvita + appamāyu
→ jīvita + (m)+ appamāyu (rule 35)
→ jīvitamappamāyu

sn1.3#2.1

27 [R39] (vowel + consonant, vowel is) elided, replaced by “a” (occasionally)

𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀜𑁆𑀘 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 (lopañca tatrākāro) vidhi apavāda

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Vowel, followed by another consonant, occasionally becomes elided. In the place of the completed elision, the letter “a” is inserted.

Sarā kho byañjane pare kvaci lopaṃ papponti. Tatra ca lope kate akārāgamo hoti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀭 𑀘 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁂 𑀓𑀢𑁂 𑀅𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀕𑀫𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो ब्यञ्जने परे क्वचि लोपं पप्पोन्ति। तत्र च लोपे कते अकारागमो होति।

Examples

✅

sa sīlavā

🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(sīlava)
that | Sīlava

so + sīlavā
→ (s + o) + (s + ī) + lavā (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + s) + ī + lavā (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (s + ī) + lavā (rule 11)
→ sasīlavā

dhp84

✅

sa paññavā

🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨂(paññava)
he | intelligent

so + paññavā
→ (s + o) + (p + a) + ññavā (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + p) + a + ññavā (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (p + a) + ññavā (rule 11)
→ sapaññavā

dhp84

✅

esa dhammo sanantano

🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) 🚹①⨀(sanantana)
this | doctrine | everlasting

eso + dhammo
→ e + (s + o) + (dh + a) + mmo (rule 10)
→ e + s + (oa + dh) + a + mmo (rule 27)
→ e + (s + a) + (dh + a) + mmo (rule 11)
→ sasīlavā

mn128#6.20

✅

sa ve kasāvamarahati

🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚻①⨀(kasāva) ▶️🤟⨀(arahati)
that | truly | brown | is suitable

so + ve
→ (s + o) + (v + e) (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + v) + e (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (v + e) (rule 11)
→ save

thag17.1#22.4

✅

sa mānakāmopi bhaveyya

🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(mānakāmopi) ⏯🤟⨀(bhavati)
he | who is proud | will be

so + mānakāmopi
→ (s + o) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + m) + ā + nakāmopi (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (m + ā) + nakāmopi (rule 11)
→ samānakāmopi

✅

sa ve muni jātibhayaṃ adassi

🚹①⨀(ta) 🔼(ve) 🚹①⨀(muni) 🚻①⨀(jātibhaya) ⏮🤟⨀(adassi)
that | truly | sage | danger of rebirth | has seen

so + ve
→ (s + o) + (v + e) (rule 10)
→ s + (oa + v) + e (rule 27)
→ (s + a) + (v + e) (rule 11)
→ save

snp1.12#3.3

Counter Examples

⛔️

so muni

🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹①⨀(muni)
that | sage

so + muni
(no sandhi)

sn4.6#4.2

⛔️

eso dhammo padissati

🚹①⨀(eta) 🚹①⨀(dhamma) ▶️🤟⨀(padissati)
this doctrine | is seen

eso + dhammo
(no sandhi)

mn139#13.36

⛔️

na so kāsāvamarahati

🔼(na) 🚹①⨀(ta) ▶️🤟⨀(kāsāvamarahati)
no | he | is worthy of the monk’s robe

so + kāsāvamarahati
(no sandhi)

dhp7

28 [R40] (vowel + consonant), next (consonant) doubled appropriately

𑀧𑀭 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑁄 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂 (para dvebhāvo ṭhāne) vidhi apavāda

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From vowel, next consonant is doubled appropriately.

Saramhā parassa byañjanassa dvebhāvo hoti ṭhāne.

𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂𑁇

सरम्हा परस्स ब्यञ्जनस्स द्वेभावो होति ठाने।

Examples

✅

idhappamādo

🔼(idha) 🚹①⨀(pamāda)
here | negligence

idha + pamādo
→ i + (dh + a) + (p + a) + mādo (rule 10)
→ i + dh + (a + p→pp) + a + mādo (rule 28)
→ i + (dh + a) + (pp + a) + mādo (rule 11)
→ idhappamādo

✅

purisassa jantuno

🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚹⑥⨀(jantu)
of person | of being

purisa + sa
→ puri + (s + a) + (s + a) (rule 10)
→ puri + s + (a + s→ss) + a (rule 28)
→ puri + (s + a) + (ss + a) (rule 11)
→ purisassa

✅

pabbajjaṃ kittayissāmi

🚺②⨀(pabbajjā) ⏭👆⨀(kittayati)
renunciation | I declare

pa + bajjaṃ
→ (p + a) + (b + a) + jjaṃ (rule 10)
→ p + (a + b→bb) + a + jjaṃ (rule 28)
→ (p + a) + (bb + a) + jjaṃ (rule 11)
→ pabbajjaṃ

snp3.1#1.1

✅

cātuddasi

🚺⓪⨀(cātuddasī)
fourteenth day of lunar fortnight

cātu + dasi
→ cā + (t + u) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ cā + t + (u + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ cā + (t + u) + (dd + a) + si (rule 11)
→ cātuddasi

mn4#20.3

✅

pañcaddasi

🚺⓪⨀(pañcaddasī) fifteenth day of lunar fortnight pañca + dasi → pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 11)
→ pañcaddasi

mn83#3.3

✅

pañcaddasi

🚺⓪⨀(pañcaddasī) fifteenth pañca + dasi → pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 10)
→ pañ + c + (a + d→dd) + a + si (rule 28)
→ pañ + (c + a) + (d + a) + si (rule 11)
→ pañcaddasi

mn83#3.3

✅

abhikkantataro cando

🚹①⨀(abhikkantatara) 🚹①⨀(canda)
more brilliant than | moon

abhi + kantataro
→ abhi + kantataro
→ abh + (i) + (k + a +n) + tataro (rule 10)
→ abh + (i + k→kk) + a +n + tataro (rule 28)
→ abh + (i) + (kk + a +n) + tataro (rule 11)
→ abhikkantataro

mn79#16.3

Counter Example

⛔️

idha modati pecca modati

🔼(idha) ▶️🤟⨀(modati) 🔼(pecca) ▶️🤟⨀(modati)
here | is glad | after death | is glad

(no sandhi)

dhp11

29 [R42] (vowel + ) voiced or unvoiced group (consonant), first and third letters (doubled appropriately)

𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀧𑀞𑀫𑀸 (vagge ghosāghosānaṃ tatiyapaṭhamā) vidhi apavāda

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      class After post
      
    
    Before--"dvebhāvo"-->After
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    Marker[/"ṭhāne"\]
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In a consonant following a vowel, the consonant prior in sequence within the group (voiced or unvoiced) corresponding to the third and first letters in that group, are doubled appropriately.

Vagge kho pubbesaṃ byañjanānaṃ ghosāghosabhūtānaṃ saramhā yathāsaṅkhyaṃ tatiyapaṭhamakkharā dvebhāvaṃ gacchanti ṭhāne.

𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀕𑁂 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁂𑀲𑀁 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀸𑀖𑁄𑀲𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀬𑀣𑀸𑀲𑀗𑁆𑀔𑁆𑀬𑀁 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀧𑀞𑀫𑀓𑁆𑀔𑀭𑀸 𑀤𑁆𑀯𑁂𑀪𑀸𑀯𑀁 𑀕𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 𑀞𑀸𑀦𑁂𑁇

वग्गे खो पुब्बेसं ब्यञ्जनानं घोसाघोसभूतानं सरम्हा यथासङ्ख्यं ततियपठमक्खरा द्वेभावं गच्छन्ति ठाने।

Examples

✅

eseva cajjhānapphalo

🔼(eseva ca) 🚻⓪⨀(jhāna) ⏮🤘⨀(phali)
just this | jhāna | bore fruit

ca + jhāna + phalo
→ (c + a) + (jh + ā) + (n + a) + (ph + a) + lo (rule 10)
→ c + (a + jh→jjh) + ā + n + (a + ph→pph) + a + lo (rule 29)
→ (c + a) + (jjh + ā) + (n + a) + (pph + a) + lo (rule 11)
→ cajjhānapphalo

Note: the consonant “jh” is the fourth (voiced) consonant in the “c” group of letters (ca cha ja jha ña), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “j” consonant (third consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “jh” creating a doubling of “j”: “jj”. Similarly, the “ph” consonant is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “p” group of letters (pa pha ba bha ma), which results in a doubling of “p” (the first consonant in the group).

✅

yatraṭṭhitaṃ nappasaheyya maccu

🚻①⨀(yatraṭṭhita) ⏯🤟⨀(nappasahati) 🚹①⨀(maccu)
where remaining | does not overpower | death

yatra + ṭhita
→ ya + (tr + a) + (ṭh + i) + taṃ (rule 10)
→ ya + tr + (a + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + taṃ (rule 29)
→ ya + (tr + a) + (ṭṭh + i) + taṃ (rule 11)
→ yatraṭṭhitaṃ

Note: the consonant “ṭh” is the second (unvoiced) consonant in the “ṭ” group of letters (ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa), so the consonant prior to it in the group is the “ṭ” consonant (first consonant in the group). This is inserted prior to “ṭh” creating a doubling of “ṭ”: “ṭṭ”.

dn22#6.1

✅

sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito

🚹②⨂(sela) 🔼(yathā) 🚹⑦⨀(pabbatamuddha) 🚹①⨀(ṭhita)
rock | as per | on top of mountain | standing

pabbatamuddhani + ṭhito
→ pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭh + i) + to (rule 10)
→ pabbatamuddha + n + (i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + i + to (rule 29)
→ pabbatamuddha + (n + i) + (ṭṭh + i) + to (rule 11)
→ pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito

dn14#3.7.2

✅

cattāriṭṭhānāni naro pamatto

🚻①⨂(catu) 🚻①⨂(ṭhāna) 🚹①⨀(nara) 🚹①⨀(pamatta)
four | grounds | man | careless

cattāri + ṭhānāni
→ cattā (r +i) + (ṭh + ā) + nāni (rule 10)
→ cattā r +(i + ṭh→ṭṭh) + ā + nāni (rule 29)
→ cattā (r +i) + (ṭṭh + ā) + nāni (rule 11)
→ cattāriṭṭhānāni

Counter Example

⛔️

idha cetaso daḷhaṃ gaṇhāti thāmasā

🔼(idha) 🚹⑥⨀(cetas) 🚹②⨀(daḷha) ▶️🤟⨀(gaṇhāti) 🚹③⨀(thāmas)
here | of intention | steady | seizes | with strength

idha + cetaso + daḷhaṃ
(no sandhi)

dhp94

Last modified February 27, 2024: Kaccayana chapter 1 finished (2039317)

1.3 𑀢𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Tatiyakaṇḍa) - Consonant Sandhi

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23 [R26] vowel + consonant: original form

24 [R35] (vowel +) vowel, occasionally (: original form)

25 [R37] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) long (occasionally)

26 [R38] (vowel + consonant, vowel becomes) short (occasionally)

27 [R39] (vowel + consonant, vowel is) elided, replaced by “a” (occasionally)

28 [R40] (vowel + consonant), next (consonant) doubled appropriately

29 [R42] (vowel + ) voiced or unvoiced group (consonant), first and third letters (doubled appropriately)