1.2 𑀤𑀼𑀢𑀺𑀬𑀓𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Dutiyakaṇḍa) - Vowel Sandhi

This section describes sarasandhi (combination of vowels).
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12 [R13] Vowel, before vowel, is elided

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 (sarā sare lopaṃ)1 vidhi utsarga

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Vowel, before a vowel, experience elision.
(When there are two vowels, the first vowel is elided)

Sarā kho sare pare lopaṃ papponti.

𑀲𑀭𑀸 𑀔𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺𑁇

सरा खो सरे परे लोपं पप्पोन्ति।

Examples

  • ✅

    yassindriyāni samathaṅgatāni

    🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) 🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata)
    of whatever | faculties | calmed

    yassa + indriyāni
    → yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
    → yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
    → yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
    → yassindriyāni

    dhp94
  • ✅

    no hetaṃ bhante

    🔼(no) 🔼(hetaṃ) 🚹⓪⨀(bhavant)
    not | certainly | Bhantehi + etaṃ

    hi + etaṃ
    → (h + i) + (e) + taṃ (rule 10)
    → h + (i + e) + taṃ (rule 12)
    → (h + e) + taṃ (rule 11)
    → hetaṃ

    dn1#1.5.4
  • ✅

    sametāyasmā saṅghena

    🚹⓪⨀(sameta) 🚹⑤⨀(āya) 🚹③⨀(saṅgha)
    attained | from power | by monastic community

    sameta + āyasmā
    → same (t + a) + (ā) + yasmā (rule 10)
    → same t + (a + ā) + yasmā (rule 12)
    → same (t + ā) + yasmā (rule 11)
    → sametāyasmā

    pli-tv-bu-pm#24.3

    • 13 [R15] Optionally, next (vowel) not of the same type (following a vowel is elided)

    𑀯𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀅𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 (vā paro asarūpā) vidhi apavāda

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    Optionally, when a vowel not of the same type (of articulation) follows a vowel, the second vowel experience elision.

    Saramhā asarūpā paro saro lopaṃ pappoti vā.

    𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀅𑀲𑀭𑀽𑀧𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑁄𑀧𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀯𑀸𑁇

    सरम्हा असरूपा परो सरो लोपं पप्पोति वा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā

    🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
    four | these | bhikkhave | teachings

    cattāro + ime
    → cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me (rule 10)
    → cattā + r + (o + i) + me (rule 13)
    → cattā + (r + o) + me (rule 11)
    → cattārome

    an4.249#1.1
  • ✅

    kinnumāva samaṇiyo

    🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu mā va) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
    who | ? | do not | like | a monastic

    kiṃ + nu + imā
    → kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā (rule 10)
    → kiṃ + n + (u + i) + mā (rule 13)
    → kiṃ + (n + u) + mā (rule 11)
    → kinnumā

    pli-tv-bi-pm#28.2

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    pañcindriyāni

    🚻①⨂(pañcindriya)
    five faculties

    pañca + indriyāni
    → pañ + (c + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
    → pañ + c + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
    → pañ + (c + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
    → pañcindriyāni

    Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “a” and “i” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).

    an10.90#6.3
  • ⛔️

    tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti

    🚹①⨂(ti) ⏯🤟⨂(assa) 🚹①⨂(dhamma) 🚹①⨂(jahita) ▶️🤟⨂(bhavati)
    three | will be | teachings | abandoned | is

    tayo + assu
    → ta + (y + o) + (a + s) + su (rule 10)
    → ta + y + (o + a) + s + su (rule 12)
    → ta + (y + a + s) + su (rule 11)
    → tayassu

    Note rule 12 is applied rather than rule 13 because “o” and “a” are considered “similar” vowels (from the perspective of articulation).

    snp2.1#10.2

    • 14 [R16] Occasionally, when (previous vowel) elided, following vowel becomes different

    𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀸𑀲𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 (kvacāsavaṇṇaṃ lutte) vidhi apavāda

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    A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes a different vowel.

    Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci asavaṇṇaṃ pappoti.

    𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀅𑀲𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    सरो खो परो पुब्बसरे लुत्ते क्वचि असवण्णं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    saṅkhyaṃ nopeti vedagū

    🚺②⨀(saṅkhyā) ▶️🤟⨀(nopeti) 🚹①⨀(vedagū)
    categorisation | does not approach | one who has perfect knowledge

    na + upeti
    → (n + a) + (u) + peti (rule 10)
    → n + (a + u) + peti (rule 12)
    → n + (u→o) + peti (rule 14)
    → (n + o) + peti (rule 11)
    → nopeti

    snp3.12#40.4
  • ✅

    bandhusseva samāgamo

    🚹⑥⨀(bandhu) 🔼(iva) 🚹①⨀(samāgama)
    of relation | like | association of

    bandhussa + iva
    → bandhus + (s + a) + (i) + va (rule 10)
    → bandhus + s + (a + i) + va (rule 12)
    → bandhus + s + (i→e) + va (rule 14)
    → bandhus + (s + e) + va (rule 11)
    → bandhusseva

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    yassindriyāni (samathaṅgatāni)

    🚹⑥⨀(ya) 🚻①⨂(indriya) (🚻①⨂(samathaṅgata))
    of whatever | faculties | (calmed)

    yassa + indriyāni
    → yas + (s + a) + (i + n) + driyāni (rule 10)
    → yas + s + (a + i) + n + driyāni (rule 12)
    → yas + (s + i + n) + driyāni (rule 11)
    → yassindriyāni

    dhp94
  • ⛔️

    tathūpamaṃ dhammavaraṃ adesayi

    🚻①⨀(tathūpama) 🚹②⨀(dhammavara) ⏮🤟⨀(adesayi)
    similar to that | excellent teaching | taught

    tathā + upama
    → ta + (th + ā) + (u) + pama (rule 10)
    → ta + th + (ā + u) + pama (rule 12)
    → ta + th + (u→ū) + pama (rule 15)
    → ta + (th + ū) + pama (rule 11)
    → tathūpama

    kp6#13.3

    • 15 [R17] (Occasionally, when previous vowel elided, following vowel becomes) long

    𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 (dīghaṃ) vidhi apavāda

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    A vowel, when the previous vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.

    Saro kho paro pubbasare lutte kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.

    𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀔𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    सरो खो परो पुब्बसरे लुत्ते क्वचि दीघं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    saddhīdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ

    🔼(saddhīdha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
    confidence here | wealth | of person | most important

    saddhā + idha
    → sad + (dh + ā) + (i) + dha (rule 10)
    → sad + dh + (ā + i) + dha (rule 12)
    → sad + dh + (i→ī) + dha (rule 15)
    → sad + (dh + ī) + dha (rule 11)
    → saddhīdha

    snp1.10#7.1
  • ✅

    anāgārehi cūbhayaṃ

    🚹③⨂(anāgāra) 🔼(cūbhayaṃ)
    by homeless wanderer | as well as

    ca + ubhayaṃ
    → (c +a) + (u) + bhayaṃ (rule 10)
    → c + (a + u) + bhayaṃ (rule 12)
    → c + (u→ū) + bhayaṃ (rule 15)
    → (c + ū) + bhayaṃ (rule 11)
    → cūbhayaṃ

    snp3.9#40.2

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    pañcahupāli aṅgehi samannāgato

    ⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚹⓪⨀(upāli) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
    with five | Upāli| | with limb | endowed with

    pañcahi + upāli
    → pañca + (h + i) + (u) + pāli (rule 10)
    → pañca + h + (i + u) + pāli (rule 12)
    → pañca + (h + u) + pāli (rule 11)
    → pañcahupāli

    dn4#13.10
  • ⛔️

    natthaññaṃ kiñci

    ▶️🤟⨀(natthi) 🚻①⨀(añña) 🚻①⨀(kaci)
    there is not | another | something

    natthi + aññaṃ
    → nat + (th + i) + (a) + ññaṃ (rule 10)
    → nat + th + (i + a) + ññaṃ (rule 12)
    → nat + (th + a) + ññaṃ (rule 11)
    → natthaññaṃ

    • 16 [R18] And (when following vowel elided), previous (vowel becomes long)

    𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 (pubbo ca) vidhi apavāda

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    A vowel, when the following vowel has been elided, occasionally becomes long.

    Pubbo ca saro parasaralope kate kvaci dīghaṃ pappoti.

    𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑀭𑀮𑁄𑀧𑁂 𑀓𑀢𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀻𑀖𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    पुब्बो च सरो परसरलोपे कते क्वचि दीघं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    kiṃ sūdha vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ

    🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(su idha) 🚻①⨀(vitta) 🚹⑥⨀(purisa) 🚻①⨀(seṭṭha)
    what | ! | here | wealth | of person | most important

    su + idha
    → (s + u) + (i) + dha (rule 10)
    → s + (u + i) + dha (rule 13)
    → s + (u→ū) + dha (rule 16)
    → (s + ū) + dha (rule 11)
    → sūdha

    snp1.10#6.1
  • ✅

    sādhūti paṭissuṇitvā

    🚹①⨀(sādhu) 🔼(iti) 🔼(paṭissuṇitvā)
    auspicious | like this | having agreed

    sādhu + iti
    → sā + (dh + u) + (i) + ti (rule 10)
    → sā + dh + (u + i) + ti (rule 13)
    → sā + dh + (u→ū) + ti (rule 16)
    → sā + (dh + ū) + ti (rule 11)
    → sādhūti

    dn23#6.19

    • Counter example

  • ⛔️

    itissa muhuttampi

    🔼(iti) ⏯🤟⨀(assa) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
    like this | will be | moment | just

    iti + assa
    → i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa (rule 10)
    → i + t + (i + a) + s + sa (rule 13)
    → i + (t + i + s) + sa (rule 11)
    → itissa

    pli-tv-bi-pm#224.1

    • 17 [R19] (Occasionally, previous syllable) ending with e, replace with “y”

    𑀬𑀫𑁂𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 (yamedantassādeso) vidhi apavāda

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    When (previous syllable) ends with “e”, followed by another vowel, the “e” is replaced with “y”.

    Ekārassa antabhūtassa sare pare kvaci yakārādeso hoti.

    𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    एकारस्स अन्तभूतस्स सरे परे क्वचि यकारादेसो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    adhigato kho myāyaṃ dhammo

    🚹①⨀(adhigata) 🔼(kho) 👆③⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹①⨀(ima) 🚹①⨀(dhamma)
    achieved | indeed | by me | this | character

    me + ayaṃ
    → (m + e) + (a) + yaṃ (rule 10)
    → m + (e→y + a) + yaṃ (rule 17)
    → m + (y + a→ā) + yaṃ (rule 15)
    → m + (y + ā) + yaṃ (rule 11)
    → myāyaṃ

    dn14#3.4.5
  • ✅

    tyāhaṃ evaṃ vadeyyaṃ

    🤘②⨀(tvaṃ) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🔼(evaṃ) 🔵⏯👆⨀(vadati)
    you | I | thus | will speak

    te + ahaṃ
    → (t + e) + (a) + haṃ (rule 10)
    → t + (e→y + a) + haṃ (rule 17)
    → t + (y + a→ā) + haṃ (rule 15)
    → t + (y + ā) + haṃ (rule 11)
    → tyāhaṃ

    mn3#3.4
  • ✅

    tyāssa pahīnā honti

    🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚹①⨂(pahīna) ▶️🤟⨂(hoti)
    they | of this | given up | are

    te + assa
    → (t + e) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → t + (e→y + a) + ssa (rule 17)
    → t + (y + a→ā) + ssa (rule 15)
    → t + (y + ā) + ssa (rule 11)
    → tyāssa

    mn111#8.2

    • Counter example

  • ⛔️

    ne’nāgatā, iti nettha

    🚹①⨂(ta) 🚹①⨂(anāgata) 🔼(iti) 🔼(nettha)
    those | not present | like this | not in this case

    ne + anāgata
    → (n + e) + (a) + nāgata (rule 10)
    → n + (e + a) + nāgata (rule 13)
    → (n + e) + nāgata (rule 11)
    → nenāgata

    • 18 [R20] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “o” or “u” ending, (replace with) “v”

    𑀯𑀁 𑀑𑀤𑀼𑀤𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 (vaṃ odudantānaṃ) vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
  columns 8
  
space odudantānaṃ space:2 vaṃ space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("o,u")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("v")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod10
  
  
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  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

    When (previous syllable) ends with “o” or ”u”, followed by another vowel, the “o” or “u” is replaced with “v”.

    Okārukārānaṃ antabhūtānaṃ sare pare kvaci vakārādeso hoti.

    𑀑𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀼𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀅𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀪𑀽𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀁 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀯𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    ओकारुकारानं अन्तभूतानं सरे परे क्वचि वकारादेसो होति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    atha khvassa

    🔼(atha kho) 🚹⑥⨀(ima)
    after that | of this

    kho + assa
    → (kh + o) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → kh + (o→v + a) + ssa (rule 18)
    → kh + (v + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → khvassa

    sn22.89#12.3
  • ✅

    svassa hoti

    🚹①⨀(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) ▶️🤟⨀(hoti)
    that | of this | is

    so + assa
    → (s + o) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → s + (o→v + a) + ssa (rule 18)
    → s + (v + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → svassa

    mn117#9.1
  • ✅

    bahvābādho

    🚹①⨀(bahvābādha)
    sickly

    bahu + ābādho
    → ba + (h + u) + (ā) + bādho (rule 10)
    → ba + h + (u→v + ā) + bādho (rule 18)
    → ba + (h + v + ā) + bādho (rule 11)
    → bahvābādho

    mn85#56.7
  • ✅

    vatthvettha vihitaṃ niccaṃ cakkhāpāthamāgacchati

    🚻①⨀(vatthu) 🔼(ettha) 🚻①⨀(vihita) 🚻①⨀(nicca) 🚻①⨀(cakkhu) 🚹②⨀(āpātha) ▶️🤟⨀(āgacchati)
    base | here | arranged | continuous | eye | sense organ | come

    vatthu + ettha
    → vat + (th + u) + (e + t) + tha (rule 10)
    → vat + th + (u→v + e) + t + tha (rule 18)
    → vat + (th + v + e + t) + tha (rule 11)
    → vatthvettha

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    cattāro’me bhikkhave dhammā

    🚹①⨂(catu) 🚹①⨂(ima) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹①⨂(dhamma)
    four | these | bhikkhave | teachings

    cattāro + ime
    → cattā + (r + o) + (i) + me (rule 10)
    → cattā + r + (o + i) + me (rule 13)
    → cattā + (r + o) + me (rule 11)
    → cattārome

    an4.189#1.1
  • ⛔️

    kinnumāva samaṇiyo

    🚻①⨀(ka) 🔼(nu mā va) 🚹①⨀(samaṇiya)
    who | ? | do not | like | a monastic

    kiṃ + nu + imā
    → kiṃ + (n + u) + (i) + mā (rule 10)
    → kiṃ + n + (u + i) + mā (rule 13)
    → kiṃ + (n + u) + mā (rule 11)
    → kinnumā

    pli-tv-bi-pm#28.2

    • 19 [R22] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “ti”, (replace with) “c”

    𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀢𑀺 (sabbo canti) vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
  columns 8
  
space x1["sabbo ti"] space:2 caṃ space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("ti")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("c")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod10
  
  
    space
  
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    The entire “ti” sound/consonant, when followed by another vowel, occasionally becomes “c”.

    Sabbo (icceso) tisaddo byañjano sare pare kvaci cakāraṃ pappoti.

    𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 (𑀇𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀲𑁄) 𑀢𑀺𑀲𑀤𑁆𑀤𑁄 𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀜𑁆𑀚𑀦𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀘𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    सब्बो (इच्चेसो) तिसद्दो ब्यञ्जनो सरे परे क्वचि चकारं पप्पोति।

    Examples

  • ✅

    iccetaṃ kusalaṃ

    🔼(iti etaṃ) 🚻①⨀(kusala)
    like this | thus | wholesome

    iti + etaṃ
    → i + (ti→c) + (e) + taṃ (rule 19)
    → i + (c→cc) + (e) + taṃ (rule 28)
    → i + (cc + e) + taṃ (rule 11)
    → iccetaṃ

    mn125#4.4
  • ✅

    iccassa vacanīyaṃ

    🔼(iti) 🚹⑥⨀(ima) 🚻①⨀(vacanīya)
    like this | of this | should be said

    iti + assa
    → i + (ti→c) + (a) + ssa (rule 19)
    → i + (c→cc) + (a) + ssa (rule 28)
    → i + (cc + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → iccassa

    dn15#2.2
  • ✅

    (paccuttaritvā)

    🔼(paccuttaritvā)
    having come out

    pati + uttaritvā
    → pa + (ti→c) + (u) + ttaritvā (rule 19)
    → pa + (c→cc) + u + ttaritvā (rule 28)
    → pa + (cc + u) + ttaritvā (rule 11)
    → paccuttaritvā

    sn1.20#1.4
  • ✅

    paccāharati

    ▶️🤟⨀(paccāharati)
    brings back

    pati + aharati
    → pa + (ti→c) + (a) + harati (rule 19)
    → pa + (c→cc) + a + harati (rule 28)
    → pa + cc + (a->ā) + harati (rule 15)
    → pa + (cc + ā) + harati (rule 11)
    → paccāharati

    pli-tv-pvr1.2#10.2

    • Counter example

  • ⛔️

    itissa muhuttampi

    🔼(iti) ⏯🤟⨀(assa) 🚹②⨀(muhutta) 🔼(api)
    like this | will be | moment | just

    iti + assa
    → i + (t + i) + (a + s) + sa (rule 10)
    → i + t + (i + a) + s + sa (rule 13)
    → i + (t + i + s) + sa (rule 11)
    → itissa

    pli-tv-bi-pm#224.1

    • 20 [R27] (Occasionally, previous syllable with) “dha”, (replace with) “d”

    𑀤𑁄 𑀥𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀘 (do dhassa ca)2 vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
  columns 8
  
space x1["dhassa ca"] space:2 do space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("dha")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("d")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod10
  
  
    space
  
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    “Dha”, followed by another vowel, occasionally is replaced with “d”.

    Dhaiccetassa sare pare kvaci dakārādeso hoti.

    𑀥𑁃𑀘𑁆𑀘𑁂𑀢𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀓𑁆𑀯𑀘𑀺 𑀤𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀤𑁂𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺𑁇

    धैच्चेतस्स सरे परे क्वचि दकारादेसो होति।

    Example

  • ✅

    ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ

    🚻①⨀(eka) 🔼(idha) 👆①⨀(ahaṃ) 🚹⓪⨂(bhikkhu) 🚹②⨀(samaya)
    one | here | I | bhikkhave | occasion

    idha + ahaṃ
    → i + (dha→d) + (a) + haṃ (rule 20)
    → i + d + (a→ā) + haṃ (rule 15)
    → i + (d + ā) + haṃ (rule 11)
    → idāhaṃ

    dn14#3.29.1

    • Counter example

  • ⛔️

    idheva (me) maraṇaṃ bhavissati

    🔼(idheva) 🚻①⨀(maraṇa) ⏭🤟⨀(bhavati)
    right here | death | will become

    idha + eva
    → i + (dh + a) + (e) + va (rule 10)
    → i + dh + (a + e) + va (rule 12)
    → i + (dh + e) + va (rule 11)
    → idheva

    mn82#7.22

    • block-beta
  columns 8
  
  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("dha")
      class Before pre0
    
    space:2
    
      After("h")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
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    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    Marker[/"kvaci"\]
    class Marker mod10
  
  
    space
  
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    Example

  • ✅

    sāhu dassana mariyānaṃ

    🔼(sāhu) 🚻①⨀(dassana) 🚹⑥⨂(ariya)
    excellent | appearance of | Buddha

    sādhu
    → sā + (dh→h) + u (rule 20)
    → sā + (h + u) (rule 11)
    → sāhu

    dhp206

    • block-beta
  columns 8
  

  space

block:operation1:4
  columns 4
  
    Before1["d"]
    class Before1 pre
  
  space:2
  
    After1["t"]
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  Before1--"ādesa"-->After1
end

  Next1["sara"]
  class Next1 context


  space


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  space

block:operation2:4
  columns 4
  
    Before2["t"]
    class Before2 pre
  
  space:2
  
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  Before2--"ādesa"-->After2
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block:operation3:4
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block:operation4:4
  columns 4
  
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  space:2
  
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  Before4--"ādesa"-->After4
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    class Before5 pre
  
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  Before5--"ādesa"-->After5
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  class Next5 context


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  columns 4
  
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  space:2
  
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block:operation7:4
  columns 4
  
    Before7["y"]
    class Before7 pre
  
  space:2
  
    After7["j"]
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  Before7--"ādesa"-->After7
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  class Next7 context


  space


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block:operation8:4
  columns 4
  
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    class Before8 pre
  
  space:2
  
    After8["bb"]
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block:operation9:4
  columns 4
  
    Before9["y"]
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  space:2
  
    After9["k"]
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  Before9--"ādesa"-->After9
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block:operation10:4
  columns 4
  
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  space:2
  
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block:operation11:4
  columns 4
  
    Before11["t"]
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  space:2
  
    After11["k"]
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  class Next11 context


  space


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block:operation12:4
  columns 4
  
    Before12["tt"]
    class Before12 pre
  
  space:2
  
    After12["cc"]
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  Before12--"ādesa"-->After12
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  class Next12 context


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block:operation13:4
  columns 4
  
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    class Before13 pre
  
  space:2
  
    After13["ph"]
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  Before13--"ādesa"-->After13
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  class Next13 context


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  columns 4
  
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    class Before14 pre
  
  space:2
  
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    Additional examples

  • ✅

    d → t: sugato

    🔼(ta) 🚹⑥⨀(da) 🔼(yathā) 🚹①⨀(sugata)
    “ta” | of “d” | for example | fortunate one

    su + gado
    → su + ga + (d→t + o) (rule 20)
    → sugato

    an8.86#3.1
  • ✅

    t → ṭ: dukkaṭaṃ

    🚻①⨀(dukkaṭa)
    wrong action

    dukkataṃ
    → dukka + (t→ṭ + a + ṃ) (rule 20)
    → dukkaṭaṃ

    dn11#83.10
  • ✅

    t → dh: gandhabbo

    🚹①⨀(gandhabba)
    demigod

    gantabbo
    → gan + (t→dh + a) + bbo (rule 20)
    → gandhabbo

    dn20#10.9
  • ✅

    tt → tr: atrajo

    🚹①⨀(atraja)
    born from oneself

    attajo
    → at + (tt→tr + a) + jo (rule 20)
    → atrajo

    bv10#18.4
  • ✅

    g → t: kulūpako

    🚹①⨀(kulūpaka)
    one who approaches families

    kulūpago
    → kulūpa + (g→k + o) (rule 20)
    → kulūpako

    mn22#13.26
  • ✅

    r → l: mahāsālo

    🚹①⨀(mahāsāla)
    having immense wealth

    mahāsāro
    → mahāsā (r→l + o) (rule 20)
    → mahāsālo

    an5.40#1.1
  • ✅

    y → j: gavajo

    🚹①⨀(gavaja)
    species of ox

    gavayo
    → gava + (y→j + o) (rule 20)
    → gavajo

    ja535#76.1
  • ✅

    v → bb: kubbato

    🚹④⨀(kubbanta)
    for one doing

    kuvato
    → ku + (v→bb + a) + to (rule 20)
    → kubbato

    an3.57#9.2
  • ✅

    y → k: sake

    🚹②⨂(saka)
    one’s own

    saye
    → sa + (y→k +e) (rule 20)
    → sake

    dn12#7.1
  • ✅

    j → y: niyaṃputtaṃ

    🚻①⨀(niya) 🚻①⨀(putta)
    one’s own | child

    nijaṃputtaṃ
    → ni + (j→y + a) + ṃputtaṃ (rule 20)
    → niyaṃputtaṃ

    kp9#7.1
  • ✅

    t → k: niyako

    🚹①⨀(niyaka)
    one’s own

    niyato
    → niya + (t→k + o) (rule 20)
    → niyako

    dn16#2.8.4
  • ✅

    tt → cc: bhacco

    🚹①⨀(bhacca)
    dependant

    bhatto
    → bha ++ (tt→cc + o) (rule 20)
    → bhacco

    dn2#8.1
  • ✅

    p → ph: nipphatti

    🚺①⨀(nipphatti)
    success

    nippatti
    → nip + (p→ph + a) + tti (rule 20)
    → nipphatti

    ne13#3.3
  • ✅

    k → kh: nikkhamati

    ▶️🤟⨀(nikkhamati)
    leaves

    nikkamati
    → nik + (k→kh + a) + mati (rule 20)
    → nikkhamati

    dn14#1.25.1

    • 21 [R21] Rarely, (previous) phoneme with “i” becomes “y”

    𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁄 𑀬𑀁 𑀦𑀯𑀸 (ivaṇṇo yaṃ navā)3 vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
  columns 8
  
space ivaṇṇo space:2 yaṃ space navā space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
    columns 4
    
      Before("i")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("y")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
    Next["sara"]
    class Next context0
  
  
    Marker[/"navā"\]
    class Marker mod1
    
  
  
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    Rarely, the “i” phoneme, followed by another vowel, is replaced with “y”.

    Pubbo ivaṇṇo sare pare yakāraṃ pappoti navā.

    𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀇𑀯𑀡𑁆𑀡𑁄 𑀲𑀭𑁂 𑀧𑀭𑁂 𑀬𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀁 𑀧𑀧𑁆𑀧𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀯𑀸𑁇

    पुब्बो इवण्णो सरे परे यकारं पप्पोति नवा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    paṭisanthāravutyassa

    🔼(paṭisanthāravutyassa)
    one should have a friendly disposition

    vutti + assa
    → vut + (t + i) + (a) + ssa (rule 10)
    → vut + t + (i→y) + a + ssa (rule 21)
    → vut + (t + y + a) + ssa (rule 11)
    → vutyassa

    dhp376
  • ✅

    sabbā vityānubhūyate

    🚺①⨀(sabba) 🚺①⨀(vitti) 🔼(anu) | 🔵▶️🤟⨀(bhūyati)
    all | joy | following | is becoming

    vitti + anu
    → vit + (t + i) + (a) + nu (rule 10)
    → vit + t + (i→y) + a + nu (rule 21)
    → vit + t + y + (a→ā) + nu (rule 15)
    → vit + (t + y + ā) + nu (rule 11)
    → vityānu

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    pañcahaṅgehi samannāgato

    ⚧③⨂(pañca) 🚻③⨂(aṅga) 🚹①⨀(samannāgata)
    with 5 | with limbs | endowed with

    pañcahi + aṅgehi
    → pañca + (h + i) + (a + ṅ) + gehi (rule 10)
    → pañca + h + (i + a) + ṅ + gehi (rule 12)
    → pañca + (h + a + ṅ) + gehi (rule 11)
    → pañcahaṅgehi

    mn85#56.17
  • ⛔️

    muttacāgī anuddhato

    🚺①⨀(mutti) 🚺①⨀(cāgī) 🚹①⨀(anuddhata)
    freely | donates | not arrogant

    mutti + cāgī
    → mut + (t + i) + (c + ā) + gī (rule 10)
    → mut + t + (i→a + c) + ā + gī (rule 27)
    → mut + (t + a) + (c + ā) + gī (rule 11)
    → muttacāgī

    • 22 [R28] (Rarely,) previous (long vowel followed by) “eva” becomes “riva”, and previous (vowel) becomes short

    𑀏𑀯𑀸𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 (evādissa ri pubbo ca rasso)4 vidhi apavāda

    block-beta
  columns 8
  
space x1["pubbo evādissa"] space:2 x2["ri ca rasso"] space space space

  
    space
  
  block:operation:4
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      Before("sara,eva")
      class Before pre
      
    
    space:2
    
      After("rassa,riva")
      class After post
      
    
    Before--"ādesa"-->After
  end
  
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    class Marker mod10
  
  
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  classDef mod2 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F
  classDef mod20 fill:#F7CACA,stroke:#615F5F,stroke-dasharray: 3 3

    Rarely, after another (long) vowel followed by “eva”, “e” becomes “ri”, and previous vowel becomes short.

    Saramhā parassa evassa ekārassa ādissa rikāro hoti, pubbo ca saro rasso hoti navā.

    𑀲𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀳𑀸 𑀧𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀏𑀯𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀏𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀆𑀤𑀺𑀲𑁆𑀲 𑀭𑀺𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺, 𑀧𑀼𑀩𑁆𑀩𑁄 𑀘 𑀲𑀭𑁄 𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑀺 𑀦𑀯𑀸𑁇

    सरम्हा परस्स एवस्स एकारस्स आदिस्स रिकारो होति, पुब्बो च सरो रस्सो होति नवा।

    Examples

  • ✅

    yathariva vasudhātalañca sabbaṃ

    🔼(yathariva) 🚺①⨀(vasudhā) 🚻①⨀(tala) 🔼(ca) 🚻①⨀(sabba)
    just as | earth level | and | entire

    yathā + eva
    → yath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va (rule 22)
    → ya + (th + a) + ri + va (rule 11)
    → yathariva

    dn29#27.3
  • ✅

    tathariva guṇavā supūjaniyo

    🔼(tathariva) 🚹①⨀(guṇavant) 🔼(su) 🚹①⨀(pūjaniya)
    like this | one who is virtuous | well | worthy of veneration

    tathā + eva
    → tath + (ā→a) + (e→ri) + va (rule 22)
    → ta + (th + a) + ri + va (rule 11)
    → tathariva

    • Counter examples

  • ⛔️

    yathā eva

    🔼(yathā) 🔼(eva)
    like | only

    No sandhi.

  • ⛔️

    tathā eva

    🚹①⨂(tatha) 🔼(eva)
    true | only

    No sandhi.

    1. Most translations interpret sarā as plural in case ① but I have chosen to interpret this as singular in case ⑤. ↩︎

    2. The ca is not intended to be an option marker, but is probably intended as a continuation or extension of the previous rule. In any case, the commentary indicates the relevant option marker is kvaci. ↩︎

    3. navā is generally interpreted by most translations (and also other grammatical books) to be an alternative to kvaci, to cancel out kvaci in the preceeding rule, however, I have decided to interpret it as a more restrictive form of optionality, hence have translated it as “rarely”. In any case, the vutti for rule 22 continues the use of navā as the applicable option marker, hence I believe it has a different meaning than kvaci. ↩︎

    4. I have interpreted ca not as an option marker but an intention to signify two operations are included in this rule: a transformation of eva into riva as well as a shortening of the preceeding long vowel. The relevant option marker is navā inherited from the previous rule, which is made clear in the vutti. ↩︎

    Last modified February 27, 2024: Kaccayana chapter 1 finished (2039317)